***
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### About Mosaic Galaxy
Mosaic Galaxy is a Web3 ecosystem focused on financial infrastructure and privacy technology. \
\
We're building interconnected solutions—from high-performance blockchain infrastructure to decentralized finance tools and privacy-first solutions. Each part of the galaxy works together to give you control over your finances and your data.
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***
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### Popular Guides
Every explorer needs a map. These guides are your first coordinates in the Mosaic Galaxy—from installing Validator OS, through setting up your node and starting to validate, these guides will help you.
Mosaic Chain Guides
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Be a voice in the galaxy!
Stay connected with the Mosaic Galaxy. Get updates, ask questions, and connect with builders, validators, and enthusiasts shaping the decentralized future.
:x-twitter:
X (Twitter)
Follow us for announcements, ecosystem updates, and the latest from the Mosaic Galaxy.
# What is Mosaic Galaxy?
Mosaic Galaxy is a blockchain ecosystem building the infrastructure for web3 finance and privacy-first technology. We're creating interconnected solutions that give users control over their finances and data—without compromising on performance or security.\
\
Our ecosystem spans blockchain infrastructure, defi tools, and privacy-focused applications. Each component is designed to work together, creating a unified experience across the Mosaic Galaxy.
# Official Links and Socials
#### **Websites**
* **Mosaic Galaxy:** [mosaicgalaxy.io](https://mosaicgalaxy.io/)
* **Mosaic Chain:** [mosaicchain.io](https://mosaicchain.io/)
* **Mosaic Alpha:** [mosaicalpha.com](https://mosaicalpha.com/)
#### **Mosaic Chain**
* **Mosaic Chain Mainnet Explorer:** [Mainnet Explorer](https://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io/)
* **Mosaic Chain DevNet Explorer:** [DevNet Explorer](https://devnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io/)
* **Mosaic Chain TestNet Explorer:** [TestNet Explorer](https://testnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io/)
#### **Social Media**
**🐦 Twitter/X**\
Follow for announcements, ecosystem updates, and news.\
@MosaicChain\
\
**💬 Discord**\
Join the community, get support, and connect with builders.\
[Join Discord](https://discord.gg/t5EfsWJrG2)**📱** \
\
**Telegram**\
Real-time updates and community chat.\
[Join Telegram](https://t.me/mosaicalpha/)
# Galaxy Roadmap
### BEFORE 2026
* Creating UI for Mosaic Explorer and Validator admin ✅
* Planning Mosaic OS ✅
* Setting up DevNet Infrastructure for Mosaic Chain ✅
* Deploying Validator OS 2.0 ✅
* Onboarding Validators to Mosaic Chain Devnet (at least 50%) ✅
* Comprehensive infrastructure and network testing for Mosaic Chain ✅
* Optimizations, preparing for Mosaic Chain mainnet launch ✅
* Creating Mosaic OS prototype ✅
* Creating Mosaic OS installer interface ✅
* Internal testing Mosaic OS ✅
* Optimizing Mosaic OS ✅
* Launching Mosaic OS private beta testing ✅
* Fine-tuning Mosaic OS ✅
* Launching Mosaic Chain mainnet on team nodes ✅
* Connecting to Polkadot as a parachain ✅
* Deploying MOS coin (with the blockchain launch) ✅
* Deploying Validator OS 3.0 ✅
* Providing documentation and guides for Mosaic Chain ✅
* Updating Mosaic Chain Website ✅
* Updating Mosaic Chain Litepaper ✅
* Launching Mosaic Galaxy Wiki 1.0 ✅
* Starting Validator Onboarding for Mosaic Chain Mainnet ✅
* Onboarding at least 50% of validators (around 1200) ✅
* Launching block rewards and slashing ✅
* Designing Mosaic Launchpad ✅
* Networking with other projects in the Polkadot Ecosystem ✅
* Negotiating about bringing new projects to Mosaic Chain ✅
* Website creation, and documentation for Mosaic OS ✅
* Deploying Mosaic Sentinel app ✅
### 2026 Q1
* Developing Mosaic Launchpad ✅
* Transition to Polkadot Coretime on Devnet ✅
* Implementing auto-renewal for Coretime ✅
* Transition to Polkadot Coretime on Mainnet ✅
* Improving Mosaic Chain system and User Experience ✅
* Launching Mosaic OS beta for public usage ✅
* Planning Mosaic Alpha 2.0 (Mosaic Chain Version) ✅
* Creating Whitepaper for Mosaic Chain ✅
* Networking with other projects in the Polkadot Ecosystem ✅
* Negotiating about bringing new projects to Mosaic Chain ✅
* Adding NFT transfer option on Mosaic Explorer ✅
* Adding unbind validator option on Mosaic Explorer ✅
* Adding new functions to validator dashboard on Mosaic Explorer ✅
### 2026 Q2
* Onboarding most of the validators to Mosaic Chain (around 2000+) ✅
* Integrating XCM (Cross-Consensus Message) ✅
* Reopening Mosaic Alpha 1.0 ✅
* Planning Mosaic Alpha 1.5 (BSC version) ✅
* Planning Mosaic Alpha 2.0 (Mosaic Chain Version) ✅
* Developing Mosaic Democracy 1.0 ✅
* Listing Mosaic Coin to Polkadot AssetHub ✅
* Deploying teleport feature between Mosaic Chain and AssetHub ✅
* Deploying swap feature on Mosaic Chain and Mosaic Explorer ✅
* Migrating from polkadot-js to polkadot-api with Mosaic Explorer ✅
### 2026 Q3
* Gathering and evaluating feedbacks for Mosaic OS beta ✅
* Implementing improvements on Mosaic OS (beta feedbacks) ✅
* Fine-tuning Mosaic OS UI, improving functionality ✅
* Preparing for launching Mosaic Galaxy Ambassador Program ✅
* Developing Mosaic Trust Network - first DEMO is ready ✅
* Providing whitepaper for Mosaic Launchpad ✅
* Adding liquidity pool management to Mosaic Explorer - in process ✅
* Developing support for custom assets - in process ✅
* Releasing upgraded Mosaic Sentinel ✅
* The first vote on the Mosaic Democracy platform was launch as a PILOT ✅
### PLANNED
* Bringing new tokens to Mosaic Alpha baskets
* Some new functions on Mosaic Alpha / Basket Manager App
* Planning Mosaic Chain Governance 1.0
* Bridging MOS coin to major networks (e.g. Ethereum, Solana - prepare for listing)
* Listing MOS coin to major networks (e.g. Solana / Ethereum DEXs)
* Fine-tuning Mosaic OS UI, improving functionality
* Planning launching Mosaic Galaxy Ambassador Program
* Developing Mosaic Trust Network
* Creating website for Mosaic Launchpad
* Negotiating about bringing new projects to Mosaic Chain
* Developing Mosaic Alpha 2.0
* Launching Mosaic Launchpad DEMO
* Marketing Campaigns
* Implementing improvements on Mosaic OS (beta feedbacks)
* Negotiating about bringing new projects to Mosaic Chain
* Launching Mosaic Galaxy Ambassador Program
* Co-marketing campaigns
* Listing MOS coin on at least one major CEX
* Integrating Mosaic Chain with a CEX
* Launching Mosaic Alpha 2.0
* Onboarding basket managers for Alpha 2.0
* Partnerships for Mosaic Alpha
* Operating Mosaic Galaxy Ambassador Program
# Introducing Mosaic Chain
Mosaic Chain is a high-performance blockchain built specifically for financial use-cases. As [a Polkadot parachain](/documentation/mosaic-chain/introducing-mosaic-chain/a-polkadot-parachain), Mosaic Chain combines the speed and scalability needed for modern financial services with the security and interoperability of the Polkadot ecosystem.\
\
But speed isn't everything—Mosaic Chain introduces innovative features like [NFT-based validator ](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system)rights and [Validator OS](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/validator-os), making it easier than ever to participate in securing the network.\
\
Whether you're a user looking to stake MOS coins, a validator ready to run infrastructure, or a developer building the next generation of financial applications, Mosaic Chain provides the tools and performance you need. \
\
Cross-chain interoperability through [XCM](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/interoperability-xcm) means your applications can seamlessly connect with Ethereum, Bitcoin, and the entire Polkadot ecosystem—without relying on centralized bridges.\
Mosaic Chain isn't just another blockchain. It's infrastructure built for the future of [web3 finance](/documentation/mosaic-chain/introducing-mosaic-chain/built-for-finance), where speed, security, and user control define the standard.
#### **📚 Learn About Mosaic Chain**
If you're a user or just exploring, learn everything about Mosaic Chain's technology and how it works.
**Explore:**
* [Architecture & Technology](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology) - Substrate, DPoS, NFT validators, Validator OS
* [Understanding DPoS](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos) - Consensus mechanism, validators, delegators
* [Substrate & Polkadot Parachain](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/substrate-framework-and-polkadot-parachain) - Learn about substrate and Polkadot
* [Actors](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators) - Learn about the key actors in the Mosaic Chain ecosystem
#### **⚡ For Validators**
Ready to run a validator node? Find everything you need to set up, operate, and earn rewards.
**Guides (Coming Soon)**
#### **🛠️ For Developers**
Building the next financial application? Everything you need to start developing on Mosaic Chain. (Coming Soon)
### Roadmap
To check the actual roadmap of Mosaic Chain, click [here](/documentation/welcome-to-mosaic-galaxy/galaxy-roadmap).
### Latest updates
Check our latest weekly developer status updates [here](https://mosaicgalaxy.io/blog/).
# The Birth Story of Mosaic Chain
When we began designing Mosaic Alpha, our platform for decentralized asset management, we wanted to build on a blockchain that could truly support the needs of our DeFi application.
We were in the planning phase, excited about the vision, but faced with a critical question: where should we build?
After thorough research across the blockchain landscape, we quickly realized that while existing universal blockchains are excellent for many use cases, we couldn't find one that met our sensitive requirements for our application.
**Finance isn't a general use case.** When you're moving money, managing assets, or executing trades, you need instant finality, minimal costs, and rock-solid security. \
Universal blockchains are amazing for their flexibility, but they're built to serve everyone—and that means compromises we weren't willing to make.
We needed smooth, fast transactions. We needed low costs that wouldn't eat into user returns. We needed infrastructure purpose-built for financial services—whether decentralized or traditional.
### **If We Had This Problem, So Would Others**
That realization hit hard. If we couldn't find a blockchain that met our requirements for Mosaic Alpha, other financial application developers—both Web3 natives and traditional financial service providers exploring blockchain—would face the same challenge.
We had two choices: adapt to what was available, or build what we needed.\
We chose to build.
### **Building Infrastructure for Finance**
That's when the idea of Mosaic Chain was born—a blockchain built with the best technology available (Substrate), tailored specifically to meet the needs of financial service providers and their users, designed to serve Web3 finance and beyond.
We leveraged Substrate, the framework powering [Polkadot](/documentation/mosaic-chain/introducing-mosaic-chain/a-polkadot-parachain), to create a high-performance parachain optimized for financial use-cases. We introduced [NFT-based validator](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system) rights to democratize network participation. We built [Validator OS](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/validator-os) to make running infrastructure as simple as possible.
Mosaic Chain isn't just infrastructure for Mosaic Alpha. It's infrastructure for developers and financial service providers who need blockchain technology that prioritizes speed, security, and cost-efficiency.
***
**From a challenge we faced to infrastructure others can use—that's the story of Mosaic Chain.**
[Learn About Mosaic Chain's Architecture →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology) | [Explore Key Features →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/introducing-mosaic-chain/key-features-at-a-glance)
# Built for Finance
Universal blockchains are amazing. Ethereum and Solana —they're designed to handle everything from NFTs to games to DeFi. But that flexibility comes with trade-offs.
We built Mosaic Chain specifically for finance. Not as a side feature. Not as one use case among many. Finance is the use case.
***
### **What Finance Actually Needs**
Financial applications have three non-negotiable requirements:
**Fast.** Trades need to settle immediately. Payments can't wait. 6-second finality isn't a nice-to-have—it's the baseline.
**Cheap.** High fees kill financial apps. A $20 transaction fee on a $100 payment doesn't work. Mosaic Chain keeps costs low enough that real financial activity makes sense.
**Secure.** Finance handles real money. Mosaic Chain connects to Polkadot as a parachain, which means we inherit Polkadot's shared security model.
***
### **Interoperability**
Financial systems don't exist in isolation. Liquidity lives on Ethereum. Bitcoin is still the biggest asset. Solana has speed and a growing ecosystem. Users expect to move value between chains without friction.
Mosaic Chain uses **XCM (Cross-Consensus Messaging)**—Polkadot's native cross-chain protocol. That means trustless communication with other parachains, and eventually Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana, without relying on centralized bridges.
The whole blockchain ecosystem opens up. No middlemen. Just native interoperability.
***
### **Built on Substrate: Modular, Upgradeable, Future-Proof**
Most blockchains use smart contracts for application logic. Mosaic Chain is different—we're built on **Substrate**, the same framework Polkadot uses.
Substrate lets developers build **pallets**—modular components that integrate directly into the blockchain runtime. Think of it like modular programming: you add features by snapping in new pallets.
**The big advantage?** Upgrades happen without forks. New features get added seamlessly. The chain evolves without downtime.
***
### **Why Not Just Use a Universal Blockchain?**
Universal blockchains like Ethereum, Solana, and Bitcoin are incredible achievements. They've built massive ecosystems, driven innovation, and proven blockchain technology works at scale. We respect what they've accomplished, and we love them.
But they're built to serve everyone—DeFi protocols, NFT marketplaces, gaming platforms, social apps, and more. That's their strength, and it's also a trade-off.
**Competition at the transaction level** is inevitable. Projects and their users compete for block space. Depending on usage, transaction costs can increase, transactions can be delayed, or even stuck entirely.
For most use cases, that's manageable. For financial services, **it's a problem.**
A delayed trade means slippage. A stuck payment means a failed transaction. Unpredictable fees mean users can't trust the system. Financial applications need consistent performance, and competing with unrelated network activity makes that hard to guarantee.
Mosaic Chain offers a different approach: a blockchain purpose-built for financial services. Not better in every way—just better for this specific use case.
***
### **What About Non-Financial Projects?**
Mosaic Chain is optimized for finance, but we're not locking out other projects. Non-financial applications can build here—but on the long run, **governance has to accept their integration.**
This ensures the network stays focused on its core mission: serving financial applications with the speed, cost-efficiency, and reliability they demand. Governance decides what fits and what doesn't.
***
**Want to see how it works?**
[Explore Mosaic Chain as a Polkadot Parachain →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/introducing-mosaic-chain/a-polkadot-parachain) | [View the Roadmap →](broken://pages/JUjiw12KOoazdr3jtT56)
# A Polkadot Parachain
## **A Polkadot Parachain**
Mosaic Chain isn't a standalone blockchain. It's a **Polkadot parachain**—which means it plugs directly into Polkadot's relay chain and inherits security from around 1,000 relay chain validators securing the entire Polkadot network.
This isn't just a technical detail. It's the foundation of how Mosaic Chain delivers speed, security, and interoperability without compromise.
***
### **What's a Parachain?**
Polkadot is a **sharded network**. Instead of one blockchain trying to do everything, Polkadot connects multiple specialized blockchains—called **parachains**—that run in parallel.
Each parachain handles its own transactions and logic. Polkadot's **relay chain** coordinates everything, finalizes blocks, and provides shared security.
Mosaic Chain is one of these parachains. We handle financial transactions. Polkadot handles security and cross-chain communication.
***
### **Shared Security: Two Layers of Validation**
Mosaic Chain will have **over 2,000 validators (when fully onboarded)** running our DPoS consensus mechanism. **200 validators are selected each session** (every hour) to produce blocks and validate transactions on Mosaic Chain.
But that's only the first layer.
After Mosaic Chain validators produce and validate blocks, those blocks are sent to **Polkadot's relay chain validators** (\~1,000 validators) for finalization. Polkadot validators review the blocks, check their validity, and finalize them on the relay chain.
This **two-layer validation process** means:
1. **Mosaic Chain validators** handle block production and initial validation (via DPoS)
2. **Polkadot relay chain validators** provide final validation and shared security
In Polkadot terminology, Mosaic Chain validators are technically called **collators**—they collect and batch transactions, then send them to Polkadot's relay chain for finalization.
This double-checking ensures Mosaic Chain benefits from both:
* **Our own decentralized validator set** (2,000+ validators, NFT-based participation)
* **Polkadot's economic security** (\~1,000 relay chain validators with billions in staked DOT)
You get the best of both worlds: a large, decentralized validator set on Mosaic Chain, plus the security guarantee of Polkadot's relay chain.
***
### **Forkless Upgrades**
Blockchain upgrades are usually painful. On most chains, upgrades require **hard forks**—validators download new software, coordinate off-chain, and hope the network doesn't split.
Polkadot parachains, including Mosaic Chain, use **runtime upgrades** instead.
The blockchain's logic is stored **on-chain**. When an upgrade happens, validators automatically switch to the new runtime. No hard fork. No downtime. No coordination chaos.
Mosaic Chain can roll out new features, optimizations, and fixes seamlessly—without disrupting users or validators.
***
### **Why Polkadot?**
We chose Polkadot because it's the best available technology for building a financial blockchain.
* **Shared security** from day one—2,000+ Mosaic validators plus 1,000 Polkadot relay chain validators
* **Native interoperability** via XCM
* **Horizontal scalability** through parachains
* **Forkless upgrades** for seamless evolution
* **Substrate framework**—modular, extensible, battle-tested
Mosaic Chain is built on Substrate, connected to Polkadot as a parachain, and designed to leverage everything Polkadot offers.
We're not reinventing the wheel. We're using the best infrastructure available and focusing on what matters: building a blockchain optimized for financial applications.
# Key features at a glance
Mosaic Chain is purpose-built for financial applications that demand speed, security, and cost-efficiency. While universal blockchains excel at flexibility, Mosaic Chain is laser-focused on delivering what financial services need most: instant finality, minimal transaction costs, and a secure infrastructure.\
\
Here's why Mosaic Chain stands out.
***
### **Key Features & Benefits**
#### **⚡ Built for Speed**
**6-second block finality** ensures transactions are confirmed almost instantly. Whether you're managing assets, or processing payments, speed is non-negotiable—and Mosaic Chain delivers.
**High throughput** means the network can handle significant transaction volume without congestion or delays. As your application grows, Mosaic Chain scales with you.
***
#### **⚙️ Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) Consensus**
Mosaic Chain uses a **Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS)** consensus mechanism, combining speed, efficiency, and decentralization. Unlike traditional Proof of Work systems that use a huge amount of energy, or standard Proof of Stake that can centralize power, DPoS allows MOS coin holders to delegate their stake to validators they trust.
**\~200 validators are selected each session (subset)** through a fair, randomized algorithm, ensuring no single entity controls the network. This rotation keeps the network decentralized while maintaining high performance.
DPoS means faster block times, lower costs, and a more democratic validation process—without sacrificing security.
***
#### **💰 Low-Cost Transactions**
High transaction fees kill user experience and eat into returns. Mosaic Chain keeps costs minimal, making it viable for both high-value transactions and everyday retail use cases.
Financial applications need predictable, affordable fees—and Mosaic Chain is optimized to deliver exactly that.
***
#### **🔒 Security You Can Trust**
Finance demands the highest level of security. Mosaic Chain is secured by **Polkadot's shared security model**, meaning thousands of validators protect the network. Combined with our **slashing mechanisms** and **audited infrastructure**, Mosaic Chain ensures your assets and applications are safe.
Security isn't an afterthought—it's the foundation.
***
#### **🔗 True Interoperability**
Financial applications don't exist in isolation. Mosaic Chain uses [**XCM (Cross-Consensus Messaging)**](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/interoperability-xcm) to enable trustless communication with Ethereum, Bitcoin, and the entire Polkadot ecosystem—without relying on centralized bridges.
Move assets across chains securely. Build applications that leverage liquidity from multiple ecosystems. Mosaic Chain connects the dots.
***
#### **🎯 NFT-Based Validator System**
Mosaic Chain introduces a unique approach to validation: **Validator NFTs** and **Delegator NFTs**.
**Validator NFTs** grant block production rights and are fully transferable, allowing you to buy, sell, or transfer validator access as easily as any other digital asset. This democratizes network participation—validation rights are no longer locked to a single operator.
**Delegator NFTs** allow users to stake their assets with validators through transferable NFTs with nominal value and expiration dates. This creates a flexible, transparent staking system where delegation rights can be managed like any other digital asset.
NFT-based validation isn't just innovative—it's a fundamental shift in how blockchain networks can be secured and operated.
***
#### **🖥️ Validator OS: Validation Made Accessible**
Blockchain validation usually requires deep technical and IT knowledge to operate. That's where **Validator OS** comes in and changes the game.
We designed Validator OS to lower the barriers of becoming a validator. It configures your validator machine exactly how Mosaic Chain needs it—handling all the complex setup, networking, and maintenance automatically.
**From now on, becoming a validator doesn't require a programming degree or deep IT knowledge.** Validator OS is plug-and-play: install it, follow the setup wizard, and you're validating. No command-line expertise. No server administration skills. Just straightforward, accessible infrastructure participation.
Validator OS makes running a node as simple as it should be.
***
#### **🏛️ Decentralized Governance (Coming Soon)**
Mosaic Chain is governed by its community through **on-chain governance**. Mosaic Collectives (Technical, Marketing, and more) manage different aspects of the ecosystem, with transparent treasury management and decentralized decision-making.
The future of Mosaic Chain is shaped by those who use it.
***
### **At a Glance**
* ⚡ **6-second block finality** - Instant transaction confirmation
* 💰 **Low transaction costs** - Affordable for all use cases
* 🔒 **Polkadot shared security** - Thousands of validators protecting the network
* 🔗 **XCM interoperability** - Trustless cross-chain communication
* 🎯 **NFT-based validators** - Transferable validation rights
* 🔄 **Forkless upgrades** - Seamless protocol evolution
* 🏛️ **On-chain governance** - Community-driven decision making
* 🖥️ **Validator OS** - Plug-and-play node setup
# Weekly Developer Status Updates
## **Weekly Developer Status Updates**
Mosaic Chain development moves fast. Every week, our development team publishes a detailed status update covering the latest advancements, features, bug fixes, and what's coming next.
These updates give you full transparency into what we're building, what's being tested, and where the network is headed.
***
### **Where to Find Updates**
**📝 Blog:** We publish weekly developer updates on the Mosaic Galaxy blog at [mosaicgalaxy.io/blog](https://mosaicgalaxy.io/blog)
***
### **What's Covered in Weekly Updates**
Each update includes:
* **Completed work** - Features shipped, bugs fixed, optimizations deployed
* **In progress** - What the team is actively working on
* **Next week's focus** - Priorities and upcoming milestones
* **Network status** - Validator count, performance metrics, uptime
* **Known issues** - Transparency on challenges and how we're addressing them
# Architecture & Technology
Mosaic Chain is built on **Substrate**, the same framework that powers Polkadot. This gives us a modular, extensible foundation designed specifically for building custom blockchains.
Here's how Mosaic Chain's architecture works.
***
### **Built on Substrate (Polkadot SDK)**
Substrate is a blockchain development framework that lets us build a custom blockchain optimized for financial applications. Unlike deploying smart contracts on a general-purpose chain, Substrate lets us design the entire blockchain runtime—consensus, governance, assets, and application logic—from the ground up.
**Why Substrate?**
* **Modular architecture** - Builds with pallets (runtime modules) that snap together
* **Forkless upgrades** - Upgrades the blockchain without hard forks
* **Interoperability-ready** - Native compatibility with Polkadot and XCM
* **Battle-tested** - Powers Polkadot, Kusama, and dozens of parachains
Substrate is the best available technology for building a blockchain. We're using it.
***
### **Core Technical Components**
#### **1. Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) Consensus**
Mosaic Chain uses a custom DPoS consensus mechanism with:
* **2,500+ validators** participating in consensus (when everyone onboarded)
* **\~200 active validators per session** (1 hour sessions)
* **Validator Subset Selection Algorithm** - Randomly selects validators into the active set
* **NFT-based validator rights** - Validator NFTs and Delegator NFTs enable participation
* **6-second block finality**
[Learn more about DPoS Consensus →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos)
***
#### **2. NFT-Based Staking System**
Mosaic Chain introduces a unique NFT-based participation system:
* **Validator NFTs** grant block production rights and are transferable
* **Delegator NFTs** allow staking with nominal value and expiration dates
* **Slashing mechanism** reduces NFT nominal value for misbehavior
* **Auto-chilling** protects validators from excessive losses
This democratizes validation—anyone can participate by acquiring a Validator NFT, and Validator OS makes setup plug-and-play.
[Learn more about the NFT-Based Validator System →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system)
#### **3. Validator OS**
Blockchain validation usually requires deep technical knowledge. **Validator OS** changes that.
Validator OS configures your validator machine exactly how Mosaic Chain needs it—handling all complex setup, networking, and maintenance automatically. No programming degree required. No deep IT knowledge needed.
Install it, follow the setup wizard, connect to the network, and you're validating. Validator OS makes running a node as simple as it should be.
[Learn more about Validator OS →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/validator-os)
***
#### **4. MOS Coin & Native Assets (Coming Soon to Docs)**
**MOS** is the native currency of Mosaic Chain, used for:
* Transaction fees
* Staking and validator rewards
* Governance voting
* Treasury funding
**Key parameters:**
* **Max supply:** 2,000,000,000 MOS
* **Smallest unit:** 1 tile = 10⁻¹⁸ MOS
* **Block time:** 6 seconds
* **Session length:** 1 hour (\~600 blocks)
***
#### **5. On-Chain Governance (Coming Soon to Docs)**
Mosaic Chain is governed by its community through:
* **On-chain governance** with MOS token holder voting
* **Mosaic Collectives** (Technical, Marketing, etc.) managing different aspects
* **Treasury system** for funding development and community initiatives
* **Transparent proposal and spending process**
***
#### **6. Mosaic Explorer & Indexer (Coming Soon to docs)**
Explorer and indexing infrastructure for Mosaic Chain:
* **Rust-based indexer** queries on-chain data directly from parachains
* **Explorer infrastructure** for visualization of on-chain data
* **JSON RPC API** for easy data access
***
### **Runtime Components (Pallets - Coming soon to docs)**
Mosaic Chain's runtime is built with custom Substrate pallets:
**Consensus-related pallets:**
* nft-delegation
* nft-permission
* nft-staking
* staking-incentive
* vesting-to-freeze
**Application-related pallets:**
* Additional pallets for DeFi and financial applications (in the future)
***
### **Polkadot Parachain Integration**
Mosaic Chain connects to Polkadot as a parachain, which means:
* **Shared security** from Polkadot's relay chain validators
* **XCM interoperability** for cross-chain messaging
* **Forkless upgrades** via runtime upgrades
* **Horizontal scalability** through Polkadot's sharded architecture
[Learn more about Mosaic Chain as a Polkadot Parachain →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/substrate-framework-and-polkadot-parachain)
***
### **Dive Deeper**
Ready to explore the technical details?
* [Understanding DPoS Consensus →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos)
* [Actors →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators)
* [NFT-based validator system →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system)
# Substrate Framework & Polkadot Parachain
Mosaic Chain is built on **Substrate**, the framework powering Polkadot. By connecting to Polkadot as a parachain, Mosaic Chain inherits security, scalability, and interoperability from one of the most robust blockchain ecosystems.
Here's how it all works together.
***
### **What is Substrate?**
Substrate is a blockchain development framework that lets us build a custom blockchain runtime from the ground up—consensus, governance, assets, and application logic—all optimized for a specific purpose.
Instead of deploying smart contracts on a general-purpose blockchain, Substrate lets us design the entire blockchain architecture. This is why Mosaic Chain can be so specialized for financial applications.
**Key advantages of Substrate:**
* **Modular architecture** - Builds with pallets (runtime modules) that snap together
* **Forkless upgrades** - Upgrades the blockchain without hard forks via runtime upgrades
* **Interoperability-ready** - Native compatibility with Polkadot and XCM
* **Battle-tested** - Powers Polkadot, Kusama, and dozens of parachains
***
### **How Polkadot Works**
Polkadot is a **sharded blockchain network**. Instead of one blockchain trying to do everything, Polkadot connects multiple specialized blockchains—called **parachains**—that run in parallel.
**The architecture:**
* **Relay Chain** - Polkadot's central coordination layer. Validates and finalizes blocks from all parachains. Secured by \~1,000 validators with billions in staked DOT.
* **Parachains** - Specialized blockchains connected to the relay chain. Each handles its own transactions and logic.
* **Collators** - Parachain validators that sequence transactions into blocks, then send them to the relay chain for finalization, and maintain the parachain’s state.
Each parachain processes its own transactions independently. The relay chain coordinates everything, finalizes blocks, and provides shared security to all connected parachains.
***
### **Mosaic Chain as a Polkadot Parachain**
Mosaic Chain is one of Polkadot's parachains. We won a **parachain auction** and secured a slot on Polkadot's relay chain.
**What this means:**
1. **Mosaic Chain validators** (collators in Polkadot terminology) collect and batch Mosaic Chain transactions.
2. **Blocks are sent to Polkadot's relay chain** for validation and finalization by \~1,000 relay chain validators.
3. **Double-checking ensures security** - This two-layer validation process protects Mosaic Chain while enabling trustless interoperability with other blockchains.
**The result:**
* **Shared security** from Polkadot's massive validator set
* **Our own decentralized validator set** (2,000+ validators, when fully onboarded)
* **True interoperability** with other parachains and external blockchains via XCM
* **Forkless upgrades** through runtime upgrades
***
### **Shared Security: How It Works**
Most blockchains have to bootstrap their own security. They need to attract validators, distribute tokens, and hope enough people stake to keep the network secure. It's slow, expensive, and risky—especially for new chains.
Mosaic Chain skips that entirely.
By connecting to Polkadot as a parachain, Mosaic Chain is secured by **Polkadot's validator set**—around 1,000 validators with billions of dollars in staked DOT.
**How it works:**
Mosaic Chain validators produce blocks and handle consensus. Polkadot's relay chain validators check the blocks, validate them, and add them to the relay chain for finalization.
This "double-checking" process means Mosaic Chain gets **economic security** from Polkadot's massive validator set, while still maintaining our own consensus mechanism (DPoS) for block production.
Security without the bootstrapping cost. That's the parachain advantage.
***
### **Scalability Through Parachains**
Polkadot's sharded architecture spreads transaction execution across multiple parachains running in parallel. Each parachain processes its own transactions, which means the network scales horizontally as more parachains connect.
Mosaic Chain benefits from this immediately. Instead of competing with thousands of other applications for block space on a single blockchain, Mosaic Chain has its own dedicated execution layer.
This design ensures:
* **Dedicated throughput** for Mosaic Chain transactions
* **No competition** with other applications for block space
* **Horizontal scalability** as Polkadot adds more parachains
* **Fast finality** without sacrificing decentralization
***
### **Interoperability: XCM (Cross-Consensus Messaging)**
One of the biggest risks in crypto is **bridges**. Traditional bridge technologies rely on centralized entities, multisig accounts, and trust—which is why billions of dollars have been lost to bridge hacks.
Polkadot solves this with [**XCM (Cross-Consensus Messaging)**](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/interoperability-xcm)—a trustless, native protocol for blockchains to communicate and transfer assets.
**How XCM works:**
* **XCM** is a messaging format—a language blockchains use to talk to each other
* **XCMP (Cross-Chain Message Passing)** is the network protocol that delivers XCM messages between parachains
* Two blockchains that "speak" XCM can seamlessly interact using a standard format
**Key XCM features:**
1. **Programmability** - Expectations for messages, version checking, branching, NFT/asset support
2. **Functional Multichain Decomposition** - Remote locking, cross-chain actions, asset namespacing
3. **Bridging** - Universal location system for multi-hop setups, connecting to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and beyond
**For Mosaic Chain, this means:**
* Trustless asset transfers between Mosaic Chain and other parachains
* Programmable cross-chain interactions—not just token transfers, but complex logic
* Bridging to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Solana via Polkadot's bridge infrastructure
No centralized bridges. No single points of failure. Just native, secure interoperability.
***
### **Forkless Upgrades: Runtime Upgrades**
Blockchain upgrades are usually painful. On most chains, upgrades require **hard forks**—validators download new software, coordinate off-chain, and hope the network doesn't split.
Polkadot parachains, including Mosaic Chain, use **runtime upgrades** instead.
The blockchain's logic is stored **on-chain**. When an upgrade happens, validators automatically switch to the new runtime. No hard fork. No downtime. No coordination chaos.
Mosaic Chain can roll out new features, optimizations, and fixes seamlessly—without disrupting users or validators.
# Consensus (DPoS)
Mosaic Chain uses a custom Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism. It's efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable—and it works differently from traditional DPoS systems. It is a bit similar to Polkadot's nominated proof-of-stake scheme. Here's how it works.
***
### **Why Consensus Matters**
Consensus mechanisms are essential to blockchain networks. They ensure everyone agrees on what's valid, who can produce blocks, and how the network stays secure.
Mosaic Chain uses DPoS instead of Proof of Work (which requires massive computational power) or traditional Proof of Stake (which can be inefficient). DPoS balances decentralization, security, and performance.
***
### **The Actors: Validators and Delegators**
#### **Validators**
A validator is an active participant in block production.
**Validators:**
* Run full validator nodes on Mosaic Chain hardware
* Produce new blocks every 6 seconds
* Earn MOS coins as staking rewards (from block rewards and transaction fees)
* Redistribute rewards to delegators who backed them
* Must bind a Validator NFT (PoS or DPoS) to participate in block production
Validator rights are represented by NFTs—they're transferable and sellable, democratizing the right to validate on Mosaic Chain.
**In Polkadot terminology**, Mosaic Chain validators are technically **collators** because they collect and batch transactions before sending them to Polkadot's relay chain for finalization.
Learn more about actors [here.](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators)
***
#### **Delegators**
Delegators are passive participants who help secure Mosaic Chain by delegating their capital to DPoS validators. They earn staking rewards without running validator infrastructure. By delegating their stake to DPoS validators, delegators participate in block production and earn rewards (and slashing) proportional to their contribution—without the technical overhead of running a node.
**How Delegators Participate:**
Delegators participate by staking MOS coins and/or Delegator NFTs to DPoS validators.
Learn more on the [Staking →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/staking) page.
***
### **Validator Subset Selection Algorithm**
Here's where Mosaic Chain's DPoS gets interesting.
Traditional DPoS systems require tons of validators to maintain decentralization. But more validators means slower networks—peer-to-peer connections become difficult, and computational overhead grows exponentially.
Mosaic Chain solved this with the **Validator Subset Selection Algorithm**.
#### **How it works:**
* Mosaic Chain has **2,500+ validators** participating in consensus (when fully onboarded)
* Each session (1 hour = \~600 blocks), approximately **200 validators** are randomly selected into the **active set**
* These active validators produce blocks and earn rewards
* Remaining validators stay in **waiting status**, ready for the next session
***
#### **Validator Statuses:**
Status
Description
Active
Elected into the active set for this session. Producing blocks and earning rewards.
Waiting
Online and participating in consensus, but not producing blocks yet. Waiting to be elected.
Selected
The algorithm announced this validator will be elected into the active set in the next session.
Chilled
Offline and not participating. Can be voluntary (validator chose to go offline) or automatic (auto-chilling triggered by slashing).
***
#### **The Benefit:**
By randomly selecting \~200 validators per session instead of requiring thousands, Mosaic Chain maintains:
* ✅ **Fast block production** (6-second blocks)
* ✅ **True decentralization** (all validators get a fair chance)
* ✅ **Network efficiency** (no exponential computational overhead)
***
### **Multiple Validator Selection (Unique to Mosaic Chain)**
Here’s a key difference from many traditional DPoS systems:
In some DPoS blockchains, each delegator can stake with only one validator at a time, which can concentrate voting power and increase centralization risk.
Mosaic Chain takes a more flexible approach — delegators can distribute their stake across multiple validators simultaneously.
Since Mosaic’s active validator set rotates every session, delegators earn rewards only when their chosen validators are active. By spreading their stake, delegators can smooth out their earnings and help secure the network more evenly.
***
#### **Why this matters:**
**Recommended strategy:**
* Distribute MOS stakes to multiple validators
* Delegate Delegator NFTs to multiple validators
* Diversify to reduce slashing risk
* If one validator gets slashed, only the amount staked with that validator is affected—not your total assets
***
### **Staking Rewards & Commission**
Validators earn rewards by producing blocks. These rewards come from:
* **Block rewards** - Newly minted MOS coins (calculated via expansion formula)
* **Transaction fees** - Split between validators and the treasury
Validators share rewards with delegators proportional to their stake, minus a commission (minimum 1% set by the validator).
**Transaction fee split:**
* 40% - Burnt (removed from circulation)
* 50% - Goes to the validator who produces the block
* 10% - Goes to the Mosaic Treasury
Tips (anything on top of the mandatory fee) go 100% to the validator.
### **Staking Contracts**
When delegators stake with validators, they create staking contracts with:
* **Staked amount** - MOS coins or NFT nominal value
* **Minimum staking period** - Global minimum: 28 days (672 sessions)
* **Commission rate** - Set by validator (minimum 1%)
After the minimum staking period ends, delegators can unstake (nearly instant, 1 session processing time).
Learn more on the [Staking →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/staking) page.
***
### **Slashing: Penalties for Misbehavior**
If a validator misbehaves (goes offline, acts maliciously, etc.), it gets slashed—a percentage of staked assets is removed and sent to the Mosaic Treasury.
#### **Slash Amount**
Each slashing event removes **0.1% of the user's stake**.
**What Gets Slashed:**
* Validator MOS coins - Reduced by 0.1% of stake
* Validator NFT nominal value - Reduced by 0.1%
* Delegator stakes - Proportionally reduced if their validator is slashed
* Delegator NFT nominal values - Proportionally reduced
***
#### **Auto-Chilling Protection**
If a validator is slashed in two consecutive sessions, **auto-chilling** is triggered automatically. The validator is removed from the normal validator set to protect delegators from further losses.
**Threshold:** If a Validator NFT's nominal value drops below **80% of its initial value**, the validator loses block production rights until they top up the NFT.
***
#### **Validator Slacking Period**
When a validator is **chilled** for more than a **72-session (3-day) slacking period,** delegators can exit without penalty (even before the minimum staking period ends). This protects delegators from validators who repeatedly misbehave.
Learn more on the [Slashing & Auto-Chilling →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling) page.
***
### **Why This Design Works**
Mosaic Chain's DPoS combines:
* ✅ **Large validator set (2,000+)** for true decentralization
* ✅ **Efficient active set (\~200 per session)** for fast blocks
* ✅ **Multiple validator selection** for steady rewards and reduced risk
* ✅ **NFT-based participation** for transparent, transferable rights
* ✅ **Auto-chilling protection** for safety
* ✅ **Fair reward distribution** with transparent slashing (0.1% per event)
* ✅ **Treasury funding** from block rewards and transaction fees
**The result:** A consensus mechanism that's decentralized, secure, efficient, and fair.
***
### **Ready to learn more?**
* [Actors (Validators and Delegators) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators) - Learn about the three participant types
* [NFT-Based Validator System →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system) - Understand the NFT technology
* [Staking →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/staking) - Detailed staking mechanics and rewards
* [Slashing & Auto-Chilling →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling) - Penalties and protections
# NFT-Based Validator System
Mosaic Chain introduces a revolutionary approach to blockchain validation: **NFTs grant permission rights AND provide stake through their nominal value.** This makes validator rights transparent, transferable, and tradable—while keeping economic security tied to the NFT's value.
***
### **Permission + Stake: How It Works**
Traditional blockchains lock validator rights to specific accounts or require massive capital to participate. Mosaic Chain uses NFTs as both permission and stake:
**Validator NFTs = Permission + Base Stake**
* Grant the right to run a validator node and produce blocks
* Have a **nominal value** that serves as your stake
* Transferable and sellable on secondary markets
* Subject to slashing (0.1% per event reduces nominal value)
**MOS Coins = Optional Additional Stake (DPoS only)**
* DPoS Validators can stake MOS coins in addition to their NFT's nominal value
* PoS Validators stake ONLY via their NFT's nominal value (cannot stake MOS coins)
* Delegators stake MOS coins to DPoS validators
**Key insight:**
* [**PoS Validators**](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/pos-validators) validate using ONLY their Validator NFT's nominal value
* [**DPoS Validators**](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/dpos-validators) can add MOS coins on top of their NFT's nominal value and accept delegations
* [**Delegators**](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/delegators-stakers) stake MOS coins (and optionally Delegator NFTs) to DPoS validators
***
### **Two Types of Validator NFTs**
#### **PoS Validator NFT**
Grants permission to validate solo without accepting delegations.
**Characteristics:**
* ✅ Stake only via the NFT's nominal value
* ❌ Cannot stake MOS coins
* ❌ Cannot accept delegations from others
* ✅ Keep 100% of rewards
* ✅ Simpler operation, full control
**Best for:** Independent operators who want solo validation
***
#### **DPoS Validator NFT**
Grants permission to validate and accept delegations from others.
**Characteristics:**
* ✅ Stake via the NFT's nominal value
* ✅ Additionally stake MOS coins
* ✅ Accept delegations (MOS coins + Delegator NFTs)
* ✅ Earn block rewards + commission from delegators
* ✅ Maximum flexibility and earning potential
**Best for:** Professional validators seeking to maximize staking power
***
### **Delegator NFTs (Optional for Stakers)**
Delegator NFTs are optional assets that allow holders to stake their nominal value to DPoS validators.
**Key features:**
* **Nominal value** - Represents a fixed MOS equivalent (e.g., 1,000 MOS)
* **One validator per NFT** - Each Delegator NFT can only be staked to one validator at a time
* **Expiration period** - Approximately **12-24 months of validity from binding**
* **Transferable** - Can be sold or transferred on secondary markets
**Why use Delegator NFTs?**
* ✅ Transferable staking rights
* ✅ Known expiration date (clear commitment timeline)
* ✅ Secondary market for staking positions
* ✅ Alternative to staking liquid MOS coins
**Important:** You don't need a Delegator NFT to stake. Anyone with MOS coins can stake directly to DPoS validators.
***
### **Binding & Unbinding NFTs**
#### **Binding a Validator NFT**
When validators bind their Validator NFT:
* ✅ Commit to being online and producing blocks
* ✅ Participate in consensus and earn rewards
* ❌ Cannot sell or transfer the NFT while bound
**Requirements to bind:**
* Own a Validator NFT (PoS or DPoS)
* Run a validator node installed with Validator OS and maintain uptime
***
#### **Unbinding a Validator NFT**
Validators can unbind their NFT only if:
1. ✅ Already chilled (voluntarily gone offline)
2. ✅ Not selected into the current or upcoming active set
3. ✅ All staking contracts have ended
**Once unbound:**
* ✅ NFT can be sold or transferred
* ❌ Cannot produce blocks or earn rewards until bound again
***
#### **Binding a Delegator NFT**
When delegators bind their Delegator NFT to a validator:
* ✅ Delegate the NFT's nominal value to that validator
* ✅ Accept the validator's commission rate
**Expiry starts on first binding** - The validity period begins when the NFT is first staked.
***
#### **Unbinding a Delegator NFT**
Delegator NFTs can be unbound:
* ✅ **Manually** - After the minimum staking period ends (28+ days)
* ✅ **Automatically** - When the NFT expires (after \~12-24 months)
**After unbinding:**
* ✅ NFT can be sold or transferred
* ❌ Expired NFTs cannot be re-staked
***
### **Why This Design Is Revolutionary**
Mosaic Chain's NFT-based validator system offers unique advantages:
**1. Democratizes Validation**
* Anyone can buy a Validator NFT and start validating
* No need to be an early adopter or hold massive capital
* Validator rights are accessible and transparent
**2. Transparent and Verifiable**
* All NFTs are visible on-chain
* Nominal values, expiration dates, and history are public
* No hidden validator requirements
**3. Enables Flexibility**
* PoS Validators for solo operators
* DPoS Validators for delegation-seeking professionals
* Delegator NFTs for time-limited staking commitments
***
### **Learn More**
**Understand the participants:**
* [Actors (Validators & Delegators) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators) - Learn about the three participant types
* [PoS Validators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/pos-validators)
* [DPoS Validators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/dpos-validators)
* [Delegators (Stakers) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/delegators-stakers)
**Technical details:**
* [Staking →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/staking) - How staking works in detail
* [Slashing & Auto-Chilling →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling) - Penalties and protections
* [Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos) - Consensus mechanism overview
# Actors (Validators & Delegators)
## Key Actors
### **Validators**
Validators are active participants who produce blocks, validate transactions, and earn staking rewards. There are two types of validators at Mosaic Chain.
#### **PoS Validators**
Solo validators who produce blocks using only their Validator NFT's nominal value as stake.
**Key features:**
* ✅ Run validator nodes and produce blocks
* ✅ Stake via Validator NFT nominal value only
* ✅ Cannot accept delegations
* ✅ Keep 100% of their rewards
**Best for:** Independent operators who want full control
[Learn more about PoS Validators →](#pos-validators)
***
#### **DPoS Validators**
Validators who produce blocks and accept delegated stakes from others.
**Key features:**
* ✅ Run validator nodes and produce blocks
* ✅ Stake via Validator NFT nominal value + MOS coins
* ✅ Accept delegations from stakers
* ✅ Earn block rewards + commission from delegators
**Best for:** Validators seeking to maximize staking power and earnings
[Learn more about DPoS Validators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/dpos-validators)
***
#### **Validator Statuses**
Status
Description
Active
Currently producing blocks and earning rewards (~200 validators per session)
Waiting
Ready to be selected for the next session (not currently active)
Drafted
Announced for the next session (will become active soon)
Chilled
Offline or voluntarily inactive (not participating in consensus)
***
### **Delegators (Stakers)**
Passive participants who stake or MOS coins or special NFTs to DPoS validators and earn rewards.
**Key features:**
* ✅ Stake MOS coins / Delegator NFT to DPoS validators
* ✅ NFT is not necessary to participate
* ✅ No technical requirements or uptime
* ✅ Earn passive rewards (minus validator commission)
**Best for:** MOS holders who want passive staking income
[Learn more about Delegators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/delegators-stakers)
***
### **Quick Comparison**
| Feature | PoS Validators | DPoS Validators | Delegators (Stakers) |
| -------------------------------- | -------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- |
| **Run validator node** | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes | ❌ No |
| **NFT required** | PoS Validator NFT | DPoS Validator NFT | Optional (Delegator NFT) |
| **Stake with NFT nominal value** | ✅ Yes (only option) | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes (if they own Delegator NFT) |
| **Stake with MOS coins** | ❌ No | ✅ Yes | ✅ Yes |
| **Accept delegations** | ❌ No | ✅ Yes | N/A |
| **Rewards** | Block rewards + fees | Block rewards + fees + commission | Proportional rewards minus commission |
| **Technical requirements** | High | High | None |
| **Best for** | Solo operators | Delegation-seeking validators | Passive stakers |
**Learn more:**
* [Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos)
* [Staking Rewards & Commission →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/staking)
* [Slashing & Chilling →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling)
# PoS Validators
PoS (Proof of Stake) Validators are **solo validators** who secure Mosaic Chain by running validator nodes and producing blocks. They stake exclusively via their Validator NFT's nominal value and operate independently without accepting delegations.
***
### **What PoS Validators Do**
PoS Validators are active participants in Mosaic Chain's consensus mechanism.
**Core responsibilities:**
* ✅ Run full validator nodes
* ✅ Produce new blocks (if selected by the subset algorithm)
* ✅ Validate transactions and maintain network security
* ✅ Stake via their Validator NFT's nominal value
* ✅ Earn block rewards and transaction fees
**In Polkadot terms:**
* Mosaic validators are technically **collators** (they collect transactions and produce blocks for the Polkadot relay chain to finalize)
* However, within Mosaic Chain's internal consensus, they function as **validators**
***
### **How Staking Works for PoS Validators**
PoS Validators have a unique staking model:
**Staking:**
* ✅ Stake **only via their Validator NFT's nominal value**
* ❌ **Cannot stake MOS coins**
* ❌ **Cannot accept delegations from others**
**Why this limitation?**
* PoS Validators are designed for **solo operation**
* Simpler setup with no delegation management
* Full control over their own stake and rewards
***
### **Requirements to Become a PoS Validator**
To participate as a PoS Validator, you must:
1. **Own and bind a PoS Validator NFT** - Grants permission to validate and represents your stake
2. **Run a validator node** - Using Validator OS (plug-and-play system)
3. **Maintain uptime** - Keep your node online and synced 24/7
4. **Be selected by the subset algorithm** - \~200 validators are randomly selected each session (1 hour)
***
### **PoS Validator NFTs**
The **PoS Validator NFT** represents both your permission to validate and your stake.
**Key features:**
* **Nominal value** - The NFT's nominal value is your stake (subject to slashing)
* **Transferable** - Can be sold or transferred to another account
* **Binding required** - Must be bound to your account to participate
* **Unbinding conditions** - Can only unbind if validator is chilled, not active, and the staking contract has ended
**Your stake = Your NFT's nominal value**
Unlike DPoS Validators who can add MOS coins to their stake, PoS Validators stake exclusively through their NFT's nominal value.
***
### **Rewards**
PoS Validators earn rewards from two sources:
#### **1. Block Rewards**
* Newly minted MOS coins (calculated via expansion formula)
* Distributed at the end of each session to active validators
#### **2. Transaction Fees**
* **50% of transaction fees** go to the block producer
* **100% of tips** go to the block producer
* **40% of fees are burnt** (removed from circulation)
* **10% of fees go to the Treasury**
**Reward distribution:**
* Rewards are distributed at the end of each **session** (1 hour ≈ 600 blocks)
* Only **active validators** (selected for that session) earn rewards
* PoS Validators keep **100% of their rewards** (no commission sharing)
***
### **Slashing & Auto-Chilling**
PoS Validators can be slashed for poor behavior or downtime.
#### **Slashing**
**What gets slashed:**
* **Validator NFT's nominal value** (0.1% of nominal value per slashing event)
**Slashing triggers:**
* Extended downtime
* Double-signing blocks
* Other malicious behavior
#### **Auto-Chilling**
Validators are automatically removed from the active set if:
1. **Slashed in two consecutive sessions**
2. **Validator NFT's nominal value drops below 80% of its initial value**
**Recovery:**
* Validators can unchill manually
* Validators must **top up their NFT's nominal value** to resume validation if it has dropped below 80% of its initial value
* After topping up, they can rejoin the waiting set
***
**Learn more:**
* [DPoS Validators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/dpos-validators) - Compare with delegation-accepting validators
* [Delegators (Stakers) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/delegators-stakers) - Learn about passive staking
# DPoS Validators
DPoS (Delegated Proof of Stake) Validators actively validate the network and participate in block production. They have the **most opportunities and flexibility** in Mosaic Chain.
**What makes DPoS Validators unique:**
* ✅ Stake via their **Validator NFT's nominal value**
* ✅ **Additionally stake MOS coins**
* ✅ **Receive Delegator NFT stakes** from delegators
* ✅ **Receive MOS coin stakes** from delegators
* ✅ Offer their validation services to delegators **for a commission**
DPoS Validators compete for delegations by offering attractive commission rates and earn additional income from commission fees on top of their own block rewards.
***
### **Requirements to Become a DPoS Validator**
To participate as a DPoS Validator, you must:
1. **Own and bind a DPoS Validator NFT** - Grants permission to validate and receive delegations
2. **Run a validator node** - Using Validator OS (plug-and-play system)
3. **Maintain uptime** - Keep your node online and synced 24/7
4. **Set commission rate** - Minimum 1%
5. **Set minimum staking period** - For delegators (global minimum: 28 days / 672 sessions)
6. **Be selected by the subset algorithm** - \~200 validators are randomly selected each session (1 hour)
***
### **DPoS Validator NFTs**
The **DPoS Validator NFT** represents both your permission to validate and your base stake.
**Key features:**
* **Nominal value** - The NFT's nominal value is your base stake (subject to slashing)
* **Transferable** - Can be sold or transferred to another account
* **Binding required** - Must be bound to your account to participate
* **Unbinding conditions** - Can only unbind if validator is chilled, not active, and all staking contracts have ended
Unlike PoS Validators, DPoS Validators can add MOS coins to their stake and receive delegations from stakers.
***
### **How Staking Works**
**Your own stake:**
* Stake via your **Validator NFT's nominal value**
* Additionally stake **MOS coins**
**Delegated stake:**
* Delegators choose to stake with you
* They can stake **MOS coins**
* They can stake **Delegator NFTs**
**Total staking power = Validator NFT nominal value + own MOS coins + all delegated stakes**
The more competitive your commission rate and the better your performance, the more delegators will choose to stake with you.
***
### **Delegations**
Delegators choose which validators to stake with, increasing your total staking power and earning potential.
#### **What Delegators Can Stake**
**1. MOS Coins**
* Delegators stake liquid MOS coins to your validator
* Most common form of delegation
* No limit on the number of MOS coin delegations (up to contract limit)
**2. Delegator NFTs**
* Delegators stake their Delegator NFTs (with nominal values)
* Represents a fixed amount of staked value
#### **Validator Limits**
* **Max 1,000 staking contracts** per validator
* **Max 5% of total supply** staked per validator
#### **Staking Contracts**
Each delegation creates a staking contract with:
* **Staked amount** (MOS coins or Delegator NFT nominal value)
* **Minimum staking period** (set by you, global minimum: 28 days / 672 sessions)
* **Your commission rate** (locked for the duration of the contract)
**Commission changes:**
* Only apply to **new staking contracts**
* Existing contracts keep their original commission rate
* Announce changes in advance to maintain trust
**Minimum staking amount:** 50 MOS (global minimum)
***
### **Commission & Competitive Dynamics**
DPoS Validators set their own commission rates, creating a competitive marketplace for delegations.
#### **How Commission Works**
**Commission rate:**
* **Minimum: 1%** (global minimum)
* You decide your rate (e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%)
* Applied only to delegated stakes (not your own stake)
**Example:**
* Delegated stakes earn 1,000 MOS in block rewards
* Your commission: 5% (50 MOS goes to you)
* Remaining: 950 MOS distributed to delegators proportionally
#### **The Competitive Marketplace**
DPoS Validators compete for delegators' trust and stakes.
**Lower commission:**
* ✅ More attractive to delegators
* ✅ Higher chance of receiving delegations
* ✅ Larger total staking power
* ❌ Lower earnings per MOS delegated
**Higher commission:**
* ✅ Higher earnings per MOS delegated
* ❌ Less attractive to delegators
* ❌ Harder to compete for delegations
* ❌ Smaller total staking power
**Finding your edge:**
* Research competitor commission rates
* Build reputation through consistent uptime
* Maintain transparent communication
* Demonstrate long-term reliability
* Adjust rates strategically based on market demand
**Remember:** Delegators can stake with multiple validators, so even with higher commission, excellent performance can still attract stakes.
***
### **Rewards**
DPoS Validators earn rewards from three sources:
#### **1. Block Rewards**
* Newly minted MOS coins (calculated via expansion formula)
* Distributed at the end of each session to active validators
* 20% goes to the Treasury
* 80% distributed proportionally to validators based on total stake
#### **2. Transaction Fees**
* **50% of transaction fees** go to the block producer
* **100% of tips** go to the block producer
* **40% of fees are burnt** (removed from circulation)
* **10% of fees go to the Treasury**
#### **3. Commission from Delegators**
* Earn commission on all delegated stakes
* Commission rate set by you (minimum 1%)
* Applied only to delegators' rewards, not your own stake
**Reward distribution:**
* Rewards are distributed at the end of each **session** (1 hour ≈ 600 blocks)
* Only **active validators** (selected for that session) earn rewards
* Waiting validators earn nothing during that session
***
### **Slashing & Auto-Chilling**
DPoS Validators can be slashed for poor behavior or downtime. **This affects both you and your delegators.**
#### **Slashing**
**What gets slashed:**
* **Your Validator NFT's nominal value** (0.1% per slashing event)
* **Your staked MOS coins** (0.1% per slashing event)
* **All delegated stakes** (0.1% per slashing event - delegators are slashed proportionally)
#### **Auto-Chilling**
Validators are automatically removed from the active set (chilled) if:
1. **Slashed in two consecutive sessions**
2. **Validator NFT's nominal value drops below 80% of its initial value**
Learn more about [Slashing and Auto-chilling!](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling)
# Delegators (Stakers)
## **What Are Delegators?**
Delegators are all stakers who delegate their assets to validators, financially backing them to secure Mosaic Chain. By risking their capital (slashing) to support validators, delegators earn staking rewards in return.
**Two types of delegators participate in Mosaic Chain's DPoS consensus:**
**1. MOS Coin Holders**
* Delegate MOS coins to validators
* No NFT required to participate
* Flexible staking across multiple validators
**2. Delegator NFT Holders**
* Delegate Delegator NFTs to validators
* Each NFT stakes to one validator
* Can combine with MOS coin staking
***
### **The Delegator's Role**
Delegators are **passive participants** in Mosaic Chain, contributing to blockchain health and security indirectly. Unlike validators, delegators don't run nodes or maintain infrastructure—but they play a critical role in the network's economic security.
**Two primary responsibilities:**
**1. Select responsible validators**
* Research commission rates, uptime, and reputation
* Perform due diligence on validator performance
* Monitor slashing history and track record
**2. Delegate assets strategically**
* Stake MOS coins and/or Delegator NFTs
* Diversify across multiple validators to minimize risk
* Balance reward potential with slashing risk
**Key considerations:**
* ✅ **No technical requirements** - No nodes, no uptime, no infrastructure
* ✅ **Earn staking rewards** - Passive income from validator performance
* ⚠️ **Slashing risk** - If your validator is slashed, you lose 0.1% of your stake
* ⚠️ **Reward dependency** - Your earnings depend on validator performance and commission rates
***
### **Active Monitoring Recommended**
While delegators are passive participants, **regular monitoring is advisable:**
* Check validator performance **weekly or monthly**
* Monitor uptime, slashing events, and commission changes
* Be prepared to switch validators if performance declines
* Rebalance your portfolio based on changing conditions
**Remember:** Your validator's performance directly impacts your rewards and your capital. Passive participation doesn't mean "set and forget"—it means staying informed without running infrastructure.
***
### **Requirements to Become a Delegator**
To participate as a Delegator, you need:
1. **MOS coins** - At least 50 MOS (global minimum)
2. **Choose a DPoS validator** - Research validators based on commission, uptime, and reputation
3. **Create a staking contract** - Stake your MOS coins (and/or Delegator NFT if you have one)
4. **Wait for the end of the minimum staking period** - Global minimum: 28 days / 672 sessions
**Optional:**
* **Delegator NFT** - Allows you to stake the NFT's nominal value in addition to MOS coins
***
### **What You Can Stake**
**1. MOS Coins**
* Stake MOS coins to any DPoS validator
* **Everyone can stake MOS coins** (no NFT required)
* Minimum: 50 MOS per staking contract
* Can split your MOS across multiple validators
**2. Delegator NFTs (Optional)**
* Own a Delegator NFT to stake its nominal value
* Each Delegator NFT can be staked to **one validator**
* NFT nominal value is staked in addition to any MOS coins you stake
**Key insight:** You don't need a Delegator NFT to participate. Anyone with MOS coins can start staking immediately.
***
### **Delegator NFTs (Optional)**
Delegator NFTs are optional assets that allow you to stake their nominal value to validators.
**Key features:**
* **Nominal value** - The NFT's nominal value is your stake (subject to slashing)
* **One validator per NFT** - Each Delegator NFT can only be staked to one validator at a time
* **Multiple NFTs for diversification** - To stake with multiple validators, you need multiple Delegator NFTs
* **Transferable** - Can be sold or transferred to another account
* **Binding required** - Must be bound when staked to a validator
* **Expiration period** - Delegator NFTs have approximately **12-24 months of validity from binding**
* **Time-limited staking** - Plan your staking strategy around the NFT's expiration date
**Do you need a Delegator NFT?**
* ❌ No - You can stake MOS coins without any NFT
* ✅ Yes, if you want to stake the NFT's nominal value in addition to MOS coins
**Important considerations:**
* Monitor your NFT's expiration date closely
* Unstake and rebind (or acquire a new NFT) before expiration
* Expired NFTs cannot be used for staking
* Plan your staking periods within the validity window
***
### **Rewards**
Delegators earn a share of the validators' block rewards, minus the validator's commission.
#### **How Rewards Are Calculated**
**Your rewards depend on:**
1. **Your stake** - More stake = more rewards
2. **Total stake** - Your share is proportional to your stake vs. total
3. **Validator's commission** - Lower commission = more rewards for you
4. **Validator's activity** - Only active validators earn rewards (200 per session)
**Formula:**
```
Your rewards = (Your stake / Total stake) × Session rewards × (1 - Commission rate)
```
#### **Reward Distribution**
* Rewards are distributed at the end of each **session** (1 hour ≈ 600 blocks)
* Only when your validator is **active** (selected by the subset algorithm)
* If your validator is in **waiting or chilled status**, you earn nothing in that session
#### **Reward Sources**
Validators earn from multiple sources, and delegators share in these rewards:
**Block Rewards**
* Newly minted MOS coins (expansion formula)
* 80% distributed to validators (20% to Treasury)
* You earn a proportional share minus commission
***
### **Slashing Risk**
Delegators share in both the rewards and the risks of their chosen validators.
#### **What Gets Slashed**
If your validator is slashed:
* **Your staked MOS coins** - 0.1% per slashing event
* **Your staked Delegator NFT nominal value** - 0.1% per slashing event
**To learn more about Slashing and Auto-Chilling,** [**click here.**](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling)
# Validator OS
Validator OS is Mosaic Chain's plug-and-play operating system designed to make validator participation accessible to everyone—regardless of technical expertise.
Running a blockchain validator typically requires deep Linux knowledge, command-line expertise, and hours of manual configuration. Validator OS changes that.
***
### **What is Validator OS?**
Validator OS is a custom Linux-based operating system (built on Ubuntu/Debian) that comes pre-configured for running Mosaic Chain validator nodes.
Instead of manually installing dependencies, configuring networking, setting up monitoring, and troubleshooting compatibility issues, Validator OS handles everything automatically.
**Distributed as an ISO image:**
* Bootable installer for USB drives (minimum 16GB)
* Complete operating system with all validator software pre-installed
* No separate downloads or package installations required
**Key characteristics:**
* ✅ **Plug-and-play design** - Minimal configuration required
* ✅ **Accessible to non-technical users** - No deep technical knowledge needed
* ✅ **Streamlined validator participation** - Get your node running quickly
* ✅ **Built for Mosaic Chain** - Optimized for validator operations
* ✅ **Pre-configured environment** - All dependencies and tools included
**The result:** Running a validator node becomes as simple as installing software—no programming degree or IT expertise required. Once installed, your validator runs headless (no monitor or keyboard needed) and can be managed remotely via the validator dashboard.
***
### **Core Features**
#### **Guided Installation Wizard**
Validator OS includes an intuitive installation wizard that walks you through the entire setup process.
**What it handles:**
* Operating system installation
* Network selection (Devnet or Mainnet)
* Validator machine profile configuration
* Validator node credentials creation
* VPN registration and authentication
* Security hardening
* Blockchain synchronization
**Installation time:** Approximately 15 minutes (plus 2-5 hours for blockchain synchronization)
***
#### **Integrated VPN Network**
Validator OS includes built-in VPN connectivity for secure, reliable network access.
**What it provides:**
* Secure connectivity for your validator node
* Automatic configuration during installation
* Two-factor authentication for access security
* Managed via VPN dashboard
**Registration:** During installation, you'll register your validator node on the Mosaic VPN network using email verification and an authenticator app.
**Security:** Multi-layered authentication (machine credentials, VPN registration, two-factor authentication) ensures only you can access and manage your validator node.
***
#### **Telemetry & Monitoring**
Built-in telemetry monitoring tracks your validator's health and performance.
**What's monitored:**
* Node status and activity
* Blockchain synchronization progress
**Access your data:** View your validator's status and performance through the Mosaic Chain Explorer and validator dashboard.
***
#### **Automatic Updates**
Validator OS handles software updates automatically, ensuring your node stays up-to-date with the latest Mosaic Chain protocol changes.
**How it works:**
* When Mosaic Chain rolls out a new update, Validator OS automatically updates your node to the latest version
* Updates are applied seamlessly in the background
* No manual intervention required
* Your validator stays synchronized with the network
**Benefits:**
* ✅ **No manual software updates required** - Validator OS handles everything
* ✅ **Seamless protocol upgrades** - Forkless upgrades via Substrate runtime updates
* ✅ **Security patches applied automatically** - Stay protected without lifting a finger
* ✅ **Always in sync with the network** - Never fall behind on protocol changes
* ✅ **Minimal downtime during updates** - Updates are optimized for validator uptime
**This is critical:** Missing a protocol update could result in your node falling out of sync or being chilled. Validator OS eliminates this risk entirely.
***
#### **Blockchain Synchronization**
After installation, Validator OS automatically synchronizes your node with both Mosaic Chain and Polkadot Relay Chain.
**Dual synchronization:**
* **Mosaic Chain:** Full sync from genesis block
* **Polkadot Relay Chain:** Warp sync (faster synchronization method)
* **Parallel processing:** Both chains sync simultaneously
**Synchronization time:** 1-3 hours depending on chain length
**Two components:**
* **Chain:** Must be fully synchronized before binding Validator NFT
* **Indexer:** Syncs from finalized blocks (does not affect chain operation)
**Progress tracking:** Monitor synchronization status via validator dashboard and Mosaic Explorer.
***
#### **Network Selection**
Validator OS supports both Devnet (testing) and Mainnet (production) networks. Choose your network during installation.
**Switching networks:** Requires reinstallation with the latest Validator OS ISO image (version 3.0.0+).
***
#### **Auto-Restart After Power Outage**
With proper BIOS configuration, your validator automatically restarts after power outages and resumes operation without manual intervention.
**Recommended:** Use an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for additional protection against power interruptions.
***
### **Hardware Requirements**
Validator OS is optimized to run on modest hardware while maintaining high performance.
**Minimum requirements:**
* **CPU:** 4 cores (recommended: 8+ cores)
* **RAM:** 32 GB
* **Storage:** 2 x 1 TB SSD
* **Network:** Stable internet connection with at least 500 Mbps
* **USB:** One USB port for installer (USB stick can be removed after installation)
**Recommended setup:**
* Dedicated server or high-performance desktop
* Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for power stability
* Ethernet (LAN) connection (more stable than WiFi)
* 24/7 uptime capability
**After installation:** Keyboard, monitor, and USB drive can be disconnected. Your validator runs headless.
***
### **Learn More**
**Installation & Setup Guides:**
* Validator Setup Guide → - Complete installation instructions
* USB Installer Creation Guide → - Create bootable USB installer
* BIOS Setup Guide → - Configure auto-restart after power outage
**Learn More:**
* [Actors (Validators & Delegators) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators) - Understand validator roles
* [Consensus (DPoS) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos) - How Mosaic Chain's consensus works
* [NFT-Based Validator System →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system) - Validator NFT technology
* [Validator Onboarding Guide →](/documentation/mosaic-galaxy-guides/mosaic-chain-mainnet-onboarding-guide) - Complete onboarding process
# Interoperability (XCM)
## **Interoperability (XCM)**
One of the biggest risks in crypto today is bridging assets between blockchains. Traditional bridge technologies often depend on unreliable, centralized entities and multisignature accounts, leading to billions in losses through hacks and vulnerabilities.
**Polkadot's Cross-Consensus Messaging (XCM) changes the game.** It offers a fully trustless, secure, and efficient way for blockchains to communicate and transfer assets.
For Mosaic Chain, XCM is a game-changer. It allows Mosaic Chain to securely send and receive crypto assets across blockchains, while also providing unmatched flexibility and programmability for developers.
***
### **How XCM Works**
**XCM (Cross-Consensus Message Format)** is a messaging format and language used to communicate between consensus systems.
As a Polkadot parachain, Mosaic Chain benefits from Polkadot's cross-chain messaging technology. Bridging tokens back and forth between Mosaic Chain and other blockchains is:
* **Highly secure** - No centralized intermediaries
* **Fast** - Near-instant cross-chain transfers
* **Cost-effective** - Low transaction fees
XCM is the **language** through which complex, cross-consensus interactions occur. Two blockchains can "speak" XCM to seamlessly interact with each other using a standard messaging format.
***
### **XCMP: The Network Protocol**
**XCMP (Cross-Chain Message Passing)** is the actual network-layer protocol that delivers XCM-formatted messages to other participating parachains.
Think of it this way:
* **XCM** = The language (what is being said)
* **XCMP** = The delivery system (how it gets there)
There are other transport layer protocols for delivering XCM messages, including:
* **HRMP** (Horizontal Relay-routed Message Passing)
* **VMP** (Vertical Message Passing)
***
### **Key Features of XCM**
XCM introduces groundbreaking features for cross-consensus messaging:
#### **1. Programmability**
* **Expectations for messages** - Messages can have conditions and requirements
* **Comprehensive use cases** - Support for complex cross-chain logic
* **Safe dispatches** - Version checking to ensure compatibility
* **Branching logic** - Conditional execution based on message content
* **NFT & Asset support** - Native support for transferring NFTs and various asset types
#### **2. Functional Multichain Decomposition**
* **Remote locking** - Ability to lock assets on one chain while using them on another
* **Cross-referencing** - Perform actions on other chains on behalf of the origin chain
* **Context/ID management** - Track message origins and destinations
* **Asset namespacing** - Universal asset identification across chains
#### **3. Bridging**
* **Universal location** - A base reference for global consensus systems
* **Multi-hop setups** - Messages can route through multiple chains
* **Beyond Polkadot** - XCM can bridge to external ecosystems like Ethereum and Bitcoin
***
### **Why XCM Matters for Mosaic Chain**
Traditional bridges are:
* ❌ Centralized and vulnerable to hacks
* ❌ Slow and expensive
* ❌ Require trust in third parties
* ❌ Have caused billions in losses
**XCM on Mosaic Chain is:**
* ✅ **Trustless** - No centralized intermediaries
* ✅ **Secure** - Protected by Polkadot's shared security
* ✅ **Fast** - Near-instant cross-chain transfers
* ✅ **Flexible** - Programmable for complex use cases
* ✅ **Cost-effective** - Low transaction fees
***
### **Cross-Chain Use Cases**
With XCM, Mosaic Chain can:
* **Transfer assets** between Mosaic Chain and other parachains (e.g., Acala, Moonbeam, Astar)
* **Execute remote calls** - Trigger smart contracts on other chains
* **Lock and unlock assets** - Use assets across multiple chains simultaneously
* **Bridge to external ecosystems** - Connect to Ethereum, Bitcoin, and other Layer 1 chains through Polkadot
***
### **Seamless Interoperability**
Mosaic Chain ensures seamless interoperability with:
* **All Polkadot parachains** - Native XCM support
* **Ethereum** - Via Polkadot bridges
* **Layer 2s** - Arbitrum, Optimism, and others
* **Bitcoin** - Through cross-chain bridges
* **Other Layer 1 chains** - Via Polkadot's universal bridging
This makes Mosaic Chain a **truly interoperable blockchain**, capable of communicating with any consensus system in the Web3 ecosystem.
***
**Ready to learn more?**\
[Substrate Framework & Polkadot Parachain →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/substrate-framework-and-polkadot-parachain) | [Security →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling) | [Delegated Proof of Stake →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos)
# Staking
Staking is the process of locking MOS coins to support Mosaic Chain's security and consensus mechanism. By staking, validators produce blocks and earn rewards, while delegators earn passive income by backing validators with their capital.
***
### **What is Staking?**
Staking allows MOS holders to participate in Mosaic Chain's Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism.**Two ways to participate:**
1. **Validators** - Run validator nodes, produce blocks, and earn rewards
2. **Delegators** - Stake MOS coins to validators and earn proportional rewards
**Why stake?**
* ✅ Earn block rewards and transaction fees
* ✅ Secure the Mosaic Chain network
* ✅ Participate in consensus without technical expertise (delegators)
* ✅ Support decentralization
**Learn more about participants:**
* [Actors (Validators & Delegators) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators) - Overview of all participants
* [PoS Validators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/pos-validators) - Solo validation
* [DPoS Validators →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/dpos-validators) - Professional validation with delegations
* [Delegators (Stakers) → ](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/delegators-stakers)- Passive staking
***
### **Staking Contracts**
When delegators stake with validators, they create staking contracts with specific terms.
#### **Staking Contract Parameters**
* **Minimum staking period:** 28 days (672 sessions) - Global minimum
* **Minimum staking amount:** 50 MOS - Global minimum
* **Commission rate:** Set by validator (minimum 1%)
* **Max contracts per validator:** 1,000
* **Max stake per validator:** 5% of total supply
**What this means:**
* Delegators must commit to staking for at least 28 days
* Validators can set longer minimum staking periods
* Each validator can have up to 1,000 active staking contracts
* No single validator can control more than 5% of total supply
***
#### **Creating a Staking Contract**
When you stake with a validator, you agree to:
1. **Staked amount** - How much MOS or NFT nominal value you're staking
2. **Minimum staking period** - How long your funds are locked (minimum 28 days, set by validator)
3. **Commission rate** - The validator's fee (locked for the duration of the contract)
**Important:** Commission rate changes made by validators only apply to new staking contracts. Existing contracts keep their original commission rate.
***
#### **One Contract per Validator**
There is at most one contract per validator-delegator pair. Each time you add more stake to a validator, the current terms set by the validator are applied to the contract. The start of the new staking period is also reset to the upcoming session.
**Example:**
* Day 1: Stake 1,000 MOS with Validator A (commission: 5%, minimum period: 28 days)
* Day 20: Stake another 500 MOS with Validator A (commission: now 7%, minimum period: 30 days)
* Result: One contract with the new terms:
* 1,500 MOS at 7% commission, 30-day minimum
**Why this matters:**
* The contract's terms do not change if the contract is untouched.
* You can also benefit from the validator's commission reduction with an existing contract
* The minimum staking period restarts at each modification
***
### **Unstaking**
After the minimum staking period ends, delegators can unstake their MOS coins or Delegator NFTs.
#### **Unstaking Process**
* **Global minimum staking period:** 28 days (672 sessions)
* **Unstaking time:** Nearly instant (1 session = 1 hour processing time)
**How it works:**
1. Wait for the minimum staking period to end (28 days, or longer if validator set a higher minimum)
2. Initiate unstaking via Mosaic Chain Explorer
3. Funds are released after 1 session (\~1 hour)
**Validator control:** Validators can kick delegators after the minimum period ends to free up contract slots (max 1,000 contracts per validator).
***
#### **Early Exit During Slacking Period**
In special circumstances, delegators can exit before the minimum staking period ends: **When a validator is chilled for more then 72 sessions** (manually or auto-chilled), delegators can exit after the 72. session of the slacking period without waiting for the minimum staking period to end. Learn more about [Slashing & Auto-Chilling →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/slashing-and-chilling)
***
### **Special Staking Rules**
#### **PoS Validator Staking Limit**
**What this means:**
* PoS Validators stake exclusively through their Validator NFT's nominal value
* They cannot add MOS coins to their stake
* They get the block rewards in to their stake
* Their total stake consist of NFT's initial nominal value and their rewards
**Example:**
* PoS Validator NFT has an initial nominal value of 10,000 MOS
* Validator's total stake = 10,000 MOS (from NFT only) + block rewards
* Validator cannot stake additional MOS coins
* Validator can unstake their rewards
Learn more about [PoS Validators.](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/pos-validators)
***
#### **Delegator NFT Expiration**
Delegator NFT expiry starts when it is first staked.
**What this means:**
* Delegator NFTs have a limited validity period (12-24 months)
* The expiration countdown begins when the NFT is first staked
* After expiration, the NFT stops earning rewards and cannot be re-staked
* Expired NFTs can be kept as souvenirs or sold on secondary markets (no nominal value)
**Important:** Monitor your Delegator NFT's expiration date and plan to re-stake or acquire a new NFT before expiry.
**Key insight:** You don't need a Delegator NFT to stake. Anyone with MOS coins can stake directly to DPoS validators.
Learn more about [Delegator NFT](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators/delegators-stakers) and [NFT-based validator system](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system)
***
### **Staking Strategy: Diversification**
**Recommended approach:** Stake with approximately 12 validators to minimize risk.
**Why diversify?**
* ✅ **Steady stream of rewards** - Validators rotate in/out of active set (\~200 active per session)
* ✅ **Reduced slashing risk** - Only stake with slashed validator is affected, not your total assets
* ✅ **Balanced exposure** - Spread risk across multiple validators
* ✅ **Mitigates downtime impact** - If one validator goes offline, others continue earning
**How it works:**
* Mosaic Chain has 2,000+ validators
* Only \~200 are selected as active per session (1 hour)
* By staking with 12 validators, you ensure consistent rewards as they rotate in/out of the active set
Learn more about [Consensus](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos) and [Validator subset selection.](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/nft-based-validator-system)
***
### **Staking Limits & Parameters**
| Parameter | Value |
| ---------------------------------- | ---------------------- |
| **Global minimum staking period** | 28 days (672 sessions) |
| **Global minimum staking amount** | 50 MOS |
| **Global minimum commission rate** | 1% |
| **Max contracts per validator** | 1,000 |
| **Max stake per validator** | 5% of total supply |
| **Validator slacking period** | 72 sessions (3 days) |
| **Session length** | 1 hour (\~600 blocks) |
| **Block time** | 6 seconds |
| **Unstaking processing time** | 1 session (\~1 hour) |
***
***
# Slashing & Chilling
Mosaic Chain's DPoS consensus mechanism provides an additional layer of security through slashing. When validators misbehave, both validators and their delegators lose a percentage of their staked assets as a penalty. This economic disincentive ensures validators maintain high standards of performance and security.
***
### **What is Slashing?**
Slashing is a penalty mechanism that reduces staked assets when validators (and delegators) fail to meet their responsibilities.
**Slashing occurs when:**
* Validator goes offline for extended periods
* Validator double-signs blocks
* Validator engages in malicious behavior
* Other protocol violations
**What gets slashed:**
* Validator's staked MOS coins
* Validator NFT's nominal value
* Delegators' staked MOS coins
* Delegator NFTs' nominal values
**Slashed funds go to:** Mosaic Chain Treasury, funding technical developments, community building, marketing, and other initiatives to expand the Mosaic Chain ecosystem.
***
### **Slash Amount**
***Temporary reduction (early network phase)***\
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*Mosaic Chain was originally configured with a **0.1%** slash per slashing event. To support validators during the early phase of the network, we have **temporarily reduced** the slash amount to **0.001% per event**. This parameter may be adjusted as the network matures.*
Each slashing event removes **0.001% of the staked assets**.
**Example:**
* Validator has 10,000 MOS staked
* Slashing event occurs
* 0.1 MOS (0.001%) is removed and sent to Treasury
* Validator now has 9,999.9 MOS staked
**Proportional slashing:** All stakes associated with the slashed validator are reduced by the same percentage (0.001%).
***
### **Slashing of Validators**
When a validator is slashed, both their MOS coins and Validator NFT's nominal value are reduced.
#### **What Gets Slashed:**
**Validator's own stakes:**
* **MOS coins** - Reduced by 0.001% per slashing event
* **Validator NFT nominal value** - Reduced by 0.001% per slashing event
**Example:**
* Validator has a Validator NFT with 10,000 MOS nominal value
* Validator also has 5,000 MOS coins staked
* Slashing event occurs
* NFT nominal value reduced to 9,999.9 MOS (0.1 MOS slashed)
* MOS coins reduced to 4,999.95 MOS (0.05 MOS slashed)
* Total slashed: 0.015 MOS sent to Treasury
#### **NFT Nominal Value Reduction**
The nominal value of a Validator NFT can decrease below its initial value due to repeated slashing.
**Important:** If the nominal value drops below 80% of the initial value, the validator loses their right to validate.
***
### **Slashing of Delegators**
When a validator is slashed, all delegators who have staked with that validator are also slashed proportionally.
#### **What Gets Slashed:**
**Delegators' stakes:**
* **MOS coins** - Reduced by 0.001% per slashing event
* **Delegator NFT nominal value** - Reduced by 0.001% per slashing event (if applicable)
**Example:**
* Delegator has 1,000 MOS staked with a validator
* Delegator also has a Delegator NFT with 2,000 MOS nominal value staked with the same validator
* Validator is slashed
* MOS coins reduced to 9999.99 MOS (0.01 MOS slashed)
* Delegator NFT nominal value reduced to 1,999.98 MOS (0.02 MOS slashed)
* Total slashed: 0.03 MOS sent to Treasury
#### **Risk Distribution**
Slashing affects all delegators proportional to their stake with the slashed validator.
**This incentivizes delegators to:**
* ✅ Perform due diligence when selecting validators
* ✅ Diversify stakes across multiple validators
* ✅ Monitor validator performance regularly
* ✅ Exit underperforming validators before slashing occurs
**Recommended strategy:** Stake with approximately 12 validators to minimize risk. If one validator is slashed, only the portion staked with that validator is affected—not your total assets.
***
### **Chilling: Voluntary & Automatic**
Chilling is the process of taking a validator offline and removing it from the normal validator set.
#### **Voluntary Chilling (Manual)**
Validators can choose to chill (go offline) voluntarily at any time.
**Why validators voluntarily chill:**
* ✅ Planned maintenance or hardware upgrades
* ✅ Moving validator machine to a new location
* ✅ Avoiding slashing during internet or power outages
* ✅ Temporarily pausing validation operations
**How it works:**
1. Validator initiates chilling via Validator Admin Dashboard
2. Validator is removed from the normal set i.e. can not be selected to the active set
3. Validator stops producing blocks and earning rewards
4. No slashing occurs (voluntary action)
**Important:** Validators should voluntarily chill before planned downtime to avoid being slashed for going offline unexpectedly.
***
#### **Auto-Chilling (Automatic Protection)**
Auto-chilling is an automatic protection mechanism that removes poorly performing validators from the normal set. This mechanism secures the network against misbehaving validators while simultaneously protecting validators and delegators from incurring excessive financial losses.
**When auto-chilling triggers:** A validator is automatically chilled (removed from the selectable validators) if:
1. **Slashed in two consecutive sessions**
2. **Validator NFT's nominal value drops below 80% of its initial value**
**What happens during auto-chilling:**
* Validator is removed from the normal set
* Validator cannot produce blocks or earn rewards
* Validator cannot get slashed after leaving the active set.
***
### **Unchilling: Returning to Validation**
After chilling (voluntary or automatic), validators can unchill and rejoin the validator set.
#### **Unchilling Requirements:**
* ✅ Validator is ready to resume operations
* ✅ Validator NFT's nominal value is above 80% of initial value (top up if necessary)
**After unchilling:**
* Validator rejoins the validator set in waiting status
* Validator can be selected for the active set in future sessions
* Validator resumes earning rewards when active
***
### **Recovery: Topping Up Validator NFTs**
If a Validator NFT's nominal value drops below 80% of its initial value, the validator loses their right to validate.
#### **How to Recover:**
1. **Top up the Validator NFT's nominal value** to bring it above 80% of the initial value
2. **Rejoin the validator set by unchilling**
**Example:**
* Validator NFT initial nominal value: 10,000 MOS
* After repeated slashing: 7,900 MOS (79% of initial value)
* Validator is auto-chilled (below 80% threshold)
* Validator tops up NFT to initial value (10,000 MOS)
* After unchilling, validator can rejoin the validator set
#### **Topping Up Process:**
The exact process for topping up Validator NFT nominal values is managed through the Mosaic Chain Validator Admin Dashboard.
***
### **Slashing & Chilling Summary**
| Event | Validator Impact | Delegator Impact | Duration |
| ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------- |
| **Single slashing event** | 0.001% of MOS coins + 0.001% of NFT nominal value | 0.001% of delegated MOS coins + 0.001% of Delegator NFT nominal value | Instant |
| **Two consecutive slashing events** | Auto-chilled, removed from normal set | Delegators can exit after slacking period | Until validator unchills |
| **NFT nominal value < 80%** | Loses validation rights, must top up to resume | Delegators can exit after slacking period | Until topped up + unchill |
| **Voluntary chilling** | Validator goes offline by choice, no slashing | Validator stops earning rewards | Until validator unchills |
| **Slacking period** | 72 sessions (3 days) | Delegators can exit after slacking period | 72 sessions |
| **Slashed funds destination** | Mosaic Chain Treasury | Mosaic Chain Treasury | - |
Copy table
***
### **Best Practices**
#### **For Validators:**
* ✅ **Voluntarily chill before planned downtime** to avoid slashing
* ✅ Maintain high uptime (use UPS, stable internet)
* ✅ Monitor your node's health regularly
* ✅ Keep your Validator NFT nominal value well above 80% threshold
* ✅ Address issues immediately to avoid consecutive slashing and auto-chilling
#### **For Delegators:**
* ✅ Research validators before staking (uptime, reputation, commission)
* ✅ Diversify across \~12 validators to minimize risk
* ✅ Monitor validator performance regularly
* ✅ Exit underperforming validators before slashing occurs
* ✅ Use the 72-session slacking period to exit early if validator is chilled
* ✅ Consider exiting if your validator is auto-chilled (indicates repeated issues)
***
### **Learn More**
**Related Topics:**
* [Consensus (DPoS) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/consensus-dpos) - How Mosaic Chain's consensus works
* [Actors (Validators & Delegators) →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/actors-validators-and-delegators) - Understand validator and delegator roles
* [Staking →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/staking) - How staking works in detail
* [Validator OS →](/documentation/mosaic-chain/architecture-and-technology/validator-os) - Automated monitoring to prevent slashing
# Mosaic Chain Mainnet Onboarding Guide
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Mainnet onboarding consists of a multi-step installation, registration, and connection process, each step of which is supported by detailed documentation. While none of the individual steps are particularly complex, they require attention and accuracy. Please do not attempt to complete the onboarding process intuitively or without reading the documentation! Several names, passwords, and codes must be set at various stages. These names and passwords must be carefully written down and stored in a secure place! Developers cannot view, modify, or reset them.
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The Devnet test chain provided an opportunity for validator owners to test and practice the onboarding process on Devnet without the risk of financial loss, so that they could easily perform the operations during the Mainnet onboarding process. By switching to Mainnet, the number of machines on Devnet will decrease, but this test chain remains for developer testing, and those who wish can still practice on Devnet before joining Mainnet (provided they have previously minted their NFT on Devnet). Users switching from Devnet to Mainnet should chill their nodes and wait until they are not selected for block production before shutting down the node on the Devnet.
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The document containing the differences and most important information regarding the switch from Devnet to Mainnet is definitely recommended for users who have tried Devnet.
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With the launch of the Mainnet, or “live chain”, real assets will be issued. The fundamental feature of the blockchain is that there is no central server or central system administrator, so the executed transactions cannot be reversed or corrected afterwards. Therefore, it is important to join according to the instructions.
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The Onboarding Guide consists of several chapters (separate documents) that build on each other:
1. Mainnet Onboarding Introduction + Switch from Devnet to Mainnet Information
2. Mosaic Validator OS Installer to Pendrive Guide
3. Mosaic Validator Node BIOS Setup Guide
4. Mosaic Validator Node Installation Guide
5. Mosaic Validator Onboarding Guide: Minting Validator NFT and Binding NFT to the Validator Node
6. Delegator NFT Minting Guide
7. MOS minting and Vesting
It is recommended to perform the setup processes in the specified order!
#### Account address
It is critical that NFTs and MOS are sent to the correct account address. NFTs sent to the wrong account address and thus lost cannot be replaced, nor can they be recovered using developer tools. Validator rights associated with NFT sent to the wrong account address will also be permanently lost, as will MOS sent to the wrong account address. In all other cases, a complete restart can be the solution if something is stuck or failed somewhere.
#### Seed phrase
When you create a new account in SubWallet, you are given a so-called seed phrase as the “password” for the account. These 12 English words (don’t use a translator for this!) must be kept in a safe place, because this is the only way to access the account from any device. If someone forgets or loses their account’s seed phrase, they will not be able to restore their account if necessary, and all their assets will be lost, including NFTs and MOS tokens!
If anyone else knows your account’s seed phrase, they can have full access to the account and steal all the assets on it, including NFTs and MOS tokens!
#### Minting
NFTs and Mosaic pretokens can be issued to the Mosaic blockchain through a so-called minting process. These are two separate steps, please perform these operations as described in the appropriate guide (5., 6. v. 7.).
A brief overview of the onboarding process (for validators) - does not replace the detailed description in the guides!
1. Create as many account addresses in SubWallet as you have validator NFTs.
2. From your Weboffice, mint your NFTs onto your SubWallet accounts.
3. Download the Validator OS to a USB drive from the provided link using the given helper tools. The download and write process takes 3–15 minutes depending on internet speed and server response time.
4. Prepare all the tools for installing the validator OS according to the documentation! Also, have a device ready with which you can take a screenshot if necessary and where you can write down all the names and passwords you entered!
5. Install the validator OS on your validator machine, as part of which your machine will also be registered on the Mosaic Blockchain VPN network. Use unique names and strong passwords! During the installation, and partly afterwards, the validator machine will automatically download the data necessary to take part in the validation.
6. The process of downloading blockchain data is called synchronization (sometimes abbreviated as sync). Since the Mainnet also needs to be synchronized with the Polkadot chain, this process can take an hour or two (sometimes more), depending on the speed of the internet. The synchronization of the chain will automatically continue from where it was interrupted during the process. However, binding the NFT to the validator machine is only possible with a synchronized chain.
7. After this, the Indexer will also synchronize during the process. This is necessary so that your validator can see the blockchain operation data on the Mosaic Explorer. The Indexer and the blockchain (Chain) are two separate components, the synchronized state of the indexer does not affect the operation of the chain. The status of the latter can be checked on the validator dashboard.
8. If you want to move the validator machine in a way that requires you to turn it off, you now have the option to do so. Turn it off professionally according to the documentation. If for some reason you do not want to or cannot validate, you must use the Chill function (pause) after binding the NFT to avoid penalties and to ensure that the blockchain remains stable.
9. When the blockchain synchronization is complete, you can bind your NFT on your account to your blockchain node and complete the onboarding process.
10. MOS reward distribution and Staking feature will be enabled later, when a sufficient number of validators have joined the Mainnet. This is definitely a quantity and not a time-dependent feature, meaning we cannot give a time estimate for when we will reach the required number of connected nodes.
#### Support
We can provide support only in cases where the issue is not covered in the provided documentation, or an unknown error message occurs.
For troubleshooting, we need:
* A description of the activity being performed and the exact step you were at
* The last interaction (e.g., which button was last clicked)
* A screenshot showing the error. If you're at a stage like validator OS installation (where screenshots are not possible), a readable photo taken with a phone is acceptable.
* The configuration used for onboarding (available in your bill).
We will not address any inquiries that do not include a screenshot of the issue until such an image is provided. If needed (e.g., if there's no visible error on the screenshot), please include a description of the expected behavior, the actual behavior, and why it is incorrect (e.g., didn’t load, disconnected, etc.).
20\. 10. 2025.
# Move from Devnet to Mainnet - Validators
*This document is for Validators who have installed and operated their validator nodes on the Mosaic Devnet and Delegators who have minted their delegator NFT(s) on the Mosaic Devnet during the test period. All the other updated detailed guides are valid for the minting, installation and onboarding process on mainnet, but since these users already have practice in minting, installation and onboarding, this document focuses on the differences and most important information.*
### Accounts
For security reasons, **create a new account** (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
**KEEP ITS SEED PHRASE, the 12 original English words in a secure place and never share it with anyone!**
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s seed phrase.
If you do not know the **12 original English** words of your account’s seed phrase, export it from SubWallet if you still have access to your wallet or create a new account, and preserve its seed phrase in a safe place! If you ever forget it or lose it, you will not be able to recover your account if needed, and all your assets on it will be lost to you!
If anyone knows your account’s seed phrase, they can have full access to your account and steal all your assets including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
### NFTs
There is no change in the NFT minting process in the Weboffice. You can mint only 1 validator NFT to one account. You can mint up to 5 delegator NFTs to one account. You can mint 1 validator NFT and max. 5 delegator NFTs to the same account.
### Minting MOS
You can turn your pretokens into MOS on the Mosaic Chain in the Weboffice at the Onboarding / MOS minting page. Please read the details about this in the new Minting MOS guide.
### Shutting down Devnet mode
If you are about to reinstall the same computer you used on Devnet, **first chill your node** on the Validator Dashboard ([devnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io/dashboard](http://devnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io/dashboard)), and only turn the computer off, when the green text above the Unchill button says you are ready to do so.
On the Devnet VPN registration website ([devnet-vpn.mosaicchain.io](http://devnet-vpn.mosaicchain.io)) **delete your node from the Devnet network.** Sign in and then click on the bin icon at the end of the line of your node, and then in the pop-up window type “DELETE”.
### Mosaic Validator OS installer
You have to **download the latest (3.0.0. or above) version** of the Mosaic Validator OS Installer and write the pendrive the usual way with Rufus or Balena Etcher.
At reinstalling it is not enough to plug in the pendrive to the computer, you need to enter the boot menu to select which volume to boot from. You can do so by continuously hitting the F12 key right after switching on the computer, until the boot menu shows. Here you can select the pendrive, and start the installation process.
A new screen is added to the installation process, where you can choose between Devnet and Mainnet. Choose Mainnet obviously.
The VPN registration website address is different: [mainnet-vpn.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-vpn.mosaicchain.io)
You can use the same validator node name as you used on the Devnet, if it is not already taken on the Mainnet.
Since the Polkadot Relaychain is also synchronized on the Mainnet (using the so-called warp sync method, which is faster than downloading the entire chain), the chain synchronization process can take one or two (or sometimes even more) hours. The connection of the NFT to the validator machine is only possible with a fully synchronized chain.
The Indexer and the Chain are two separate components, the synchronized state of the indexer does not affect the operation of the chain. During installation, the synchronization of the Indexer starts from the appearance of finalized blocks. The status of the blockchain can be checked on the validator dashboard.
### Explorer onboarding
The onboarding process is the same, Mosaic Explorer Mainnet address is [mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io)
The reward distribution and slashing will be activated later, when a certain number of validators have joined the Mainnet.
The expiration date of a delegator NFT starts from the first binding, i.e. binding via staking. Therefore, the staking function will be available from the activation of the reward distribution.
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# Validator OS installer to pendrive
This guide helps you to create a Mosaic Validator OS installer pendrive (USB stick).
Requirements:
* A minimum 16GB USB pendrive, that does not contain any necessary data, it will be formatted.
* A laptop or a PC (Windows, OSX or Linux), (hereinafter referred to as: computer)
* Stable internet connection.
*In today's fast-paced world technology is evolving rapidly, and unfortunately, malicious initiatives are keeping up with it. That's why it's always recommended to use the latest versions of operating systems and programs.*
### 1. Download the latest Mosaic Validator OS installer
Login to your Weboffice from the computer. On the Onboarding/Validator page click on the “Validator OS” button, which will start the download of the Mosaic Validator OS Installer file to your computer. Save this file to a place on your computer where you will find it later.
### 2. Writing the pendrive with a USB Installer Creator Software
Mosaic Validator OS Installer is a special file (ISO image), you cannot just simply copy-paste it to your pendrive. A special software is needed to create a bootable USB stick from this file.
Connect the pendrive to your computer and then follow the instructions for your operating system.
#### 2.1. Windows
For Windows, we recommend Rufus. You can download it from here:
On the Rufus webpage scroll down to the Download title, where you can see the links for the different platforms. Choose your platform (usually it is the first link, unless you have an old computer), and click on the link to download the program.
The downloaded file serves as the standalone executable for the program, meaning it does not require installation.
Once downloaded, double-click on the rufus-4.11(…).exe file and the program will start. It will ask your permission to make changes on the computer, click ‘Yes’ to allow and continue. If a password is set for administrator rights on the computer, it might ask for this password.
In the opening panel you only need to change two things. First, if your pendrive is connected, you should see it selected in the top “Device” field’s drop-down menu. If you have more USB devices connected make sure you choose the right one, because the device will be formatted!
Then in the second row click on the “Select” button. In the opening window, select the folder where you saved the Mosaic Validator OS Installer file and select it.
Leave all other parameters with their default values and click START to initiate the write process.
You will then be alerted that the ISO is an ISOHybrid image. Keep “Write in ISO Image mode” selected and click on OK to continue.
Rufus will also warn you that all data on your selected USB device is about to be destroyed. Click on OK when you’re confident you do not need the content of the selected USB device.
When Rufus has finished writing the USB device, the Status bar will be filled green and the word READY will appear in the center. Select CLOSE to complete the process.
You can unplug the pendrive from your computer and plug it into your Validator Machine. To install your validator node follow the Mosaic Validator OS Installation Guide.
#### 2.2. MacOs, Linux
For MacOs and Linux operating systems, we recommend Balena Etcher. You can download it from here:
On the Etcher webpage click on the green “Download Etcher” button. It will take you down on the page to the operating system selector.
Here select the operating system of the computer on which you are performing the USB drive installation. Click on the “Download” link in the appropriate row. Save the file to a place on your computer where you will find it later.
Install the downloaded balenaEtcher software. This step may be different on different operating systems but usually after starting the file (double-clicking on the file you just saved) the system will clearly guide you through the installation process.
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Open the balenaEtcher software. Click on “Flash from file”.
In the opening window, select the folder where you saved the Mosaic Validator OS Installer file and select it. If a message shows up about a Missing partition table, that is normal, click on continue.
After you have selected the file, the “Select target” button is active, click on it.
Select your connected pendrive from the list that appears. If its name is not familiar, you can identify it by its size. The software automatically does not show hidden drives because they are probably the computer's system drives, and it is not recommended to format them!
At the last step click on “Flash!”. On some devices it might ask for the computer’s user password, provide this password.
When the process is finished, you see “Flash Completed!” You DO NOT have to click on any more buttons, you can close the Balena Etcher program.
You can unplug the pendrive (USB stick) from your computer and plug it into your Validator Server. To install your validator node follow the Mosaic Validator OS Installation Guide.
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# BIOS setup guide for auto restart
### Guide to set up Mosaic Validator Node to auto restart after power outage
This guide is for advanced users, we recommend using an uninterruptible power supply anyway!
Do not plug the installer pendrive into the validator machine, you need to make this setup first.
You will need a mouse to interact with the setup.
After you have connected the monitor, the keyboard and the mouse to the machine, turn on the computer, and start pressing the F12 button on the keyboard. Do not hold it down, but press it continuously, until the boot menu screen shows up.
If the computer is brand new, no operating system was installed on it before, it will enter the setup right away.
If a system is already installed or for other reasons, it does not enter setup right away, you can choose from the boot menu options to enter setup.
In the setup menu on the top of the page choose Advanced Mode.
Then in the Advanced Mode panel’s top menu, choose Settings.
In the Settings options list choose Platform Power.
On the Platform Power subsection list choose AC BACK and set it with a double click to “Always On”.
After this choose Save and Exit in the top right corner, then on the page that appears, click the top "Save & Exit Setup" option, then click the "Yes" button in the pop-up window to confirm saving the change.
Turn off the computer.
You are ready to start the installation after plugging in the pendrive with the installer program.
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# Mosaic Validator Node Installation Guide
*If your machine was a validator node on Devnet, first chill your node on the Validator Admin Dashboard in the Devnet Mosaic Explorer, and wait for the green sign that says you can turn it off, before actually turning the machine off! Also do not forget to delete your devnet node from the devnet VPN (*[*devnet-vpn.mosaicchain.io*](http://devnet-vpn.mosaicchain.io)*)!*
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**Please read this guide carefully before starting the installation process.**
The installation process takes approximately 15 minutes. It is an automated process, but you have to provide some input for your personal validator node. During the process you will see different screens. When the installation is running in the back, you will see text running on the screen or a spinning or flashing cursor. It will be clear when you need to interact by typing in data or choosing between options.
**Necessary equipment:**
* Validator machine with power cord
* keyboard
* monitor, which is compatible with your validator machine
* internet connection through LAN cable
* another device where you can check your email, visit a website and where you can set up an authenticator app (smartphone, laptop, desktop)
* the pendrive (USB stick) with the installation software
**Necessary data:**
* a name for your validator machine on your local network,
* a username and password to log in to your validator machine,
* a name for your validator node on the Mosaic VPN,
* email address, where you can receive the verification code for your Mosaic VPN account
**Setup of hardware:**
* Connect the keyboard to the machine
* Connect the monitor to the computer and plug in the monitor into the electrical network (turn on your monitor if it has a switch)
* Connect the machine with a LAN cable to your local internet
* Plug in the power cord into your machine and plug it into the electrical network
* **Do NOT turn the machine on, until the pendrive is not connected**
## Installation Process
### Starting the computer
BEFORE turning your machine on, **plug in the installer pendrive** to an USB port on your machine. Depending on your machine’s content, go on with Case A or Case B.
#### ***Case A - Devnet (or other system) was already installed on your machine***
Turn on the computer and start continuously hitting the “F12” button on the keyboard. When the boot menu shows up, you will see two options, choose the one that refers to the pendrive. If it is not obvious by name, you can determine by the size of the volume, the smaller one is the pendrive.
Use the up and down arrow keys to move between the options. On some computers, the mouse pointer is set by default on one of the options therefore the color of the selection does not change. In this case step down to the “Enter setup” text, usually this one is in white, and on selection turns orange. When you can see that this one is selected, hit the up arrow as many times as needed for the selection of the pendrive. (Usually one step.) Then hit enter.
If after this step not the installer screen appears, restart the computer and try again.
#### ***Case B - New machine without operation system installed***
Turn on the computer and wait for the first screen.
If it is not the installer screen, restart the computer and go on with Case A.
### Steps of the installer
To start the installer, hit enter (leaving the first option selected).
The installer starts its process, you should see it on your monitor. When the process is running by itself, you can see it on the screen as text is running or the cursor is spinning or flashing, in these cases, just wait for the next step. There might be some words or red signs onscreen indicating fault, like “failed unmounting cd-rom”, these refer to non required components, it is normal, do not worry, if the process is going on.
When you need to interact, you can use the arrow keys and the Tab key on your keyboard to move between options where it is applicable, and the Enter key to confirm your answer.
#### 1. Keyboard configuration
Choosing the language of the keyboard layout only refers to the keyboard layout, not the language of the installer’s messages.
If you would like to change the default English keyboard layout, you can use the up and down arrow keys to select the „Layout” or „Variant” fields and when the field is highlighted, press Enter to see the options. You can move between the options with the arrow keys, and confirm your selection by pressing the Enter key. When both fields show your choice, step down with the arrow key to „Done” and press Enter.
#### 2. Confirm destructive action
This screen is for safety reasons. If there was any data or software installed before on this machine, this is a warning that it will be all deleted during the installation.
Step on „continue” with the down arrow key, if you are sure you do not need any previous content of this machine, and press Enter.
#### 3. Profile configuration
Here you must provide data for setting up this machine. Type in your input and move between the fields with the arrow keys or by pressing Enter. When you are done with all the fields, move the cursor (highlight) to „done” and press Enter.
* Your name: a name that the Operating System requires you to provide. Does not affect your Validator and will not be shown anywhere.
* Your server's name: The name of this machine and how it will be seen on the local network.
* Pick a username: This will be your login name to this machine
* Choose a password: The password you will use to login to this machine
* Confirm your password: Same password
Write down and keep these credentials at a safe place, you will need them to log in to your validator machine!
#### 4. Installing system
This part may take a while, do not worry the process is running.
When system installation is complete, the title will change to „Installation complete!” and also at the end of the text (at the bottom) you read „\*\*\*\*\* INSTALLATION COMPLETED \*\*\*\*\*”
„Reboot now” option appears, and to start the validator setup process, choose this option with the down arrow key and press Enter.
#### 5. Login to system
After rebooting you have to login to the system with the username and password you provided at the profile configuration.
{your machine’s name} login: Type in your username, then press Enter
Password: Type in your password. Be aware that no characters are shown on screen, but the system registers the characters you press on the keyboard. After typing your password, press Enter.
When you have logged in successfully, you will see the so called command line:
{your username}@{your machine’s name}:\~$ \_
Type in setup-validator and press Enter to start the validator setup process.
#### 6. Choosing network
On the first screen you have to choose which network you would like to join. Select the “Mainnet” with the down arrow button and press enter.
In the appearing reassurance window, select “Yes, I join MAINNET” and press Enter.
At the next screen after reading the text, press Enter.
#### 7. System setup - Installing components
The installer is installing the required dependencies. This may take a few minutes. When it is finished and a „Next” button appears, press Enter.
#### 8. Mosaic Validator OS Setup
You can set your validator node’s name here, which will be public to the Mosaic network. It may be the same as your validator machine’s name, it is pre-entered in the input field, but you can change it using the keyboard keys. If you have entered the name of your choice, press the down arrow key and if „Next” is active, press Enter.
If the name you entered is already taken in the network or conflicts with some other naming conventions, you will get an error notification and you must provide a different name.
#### 9. Connection Initiated with Mosaic Network
At this phase you will need your other device. You will need a browser and access to your emails. The validator machine’s screen is needed to help you with the steps of this phase and it provides you with the TOTP code, which you will have to enter at the end of this phase on your other device.
Go through the steps shown on the validator machine’s screen, using your other device:
1. Open the given website on your other device.
2. You will see a form, requesting your email address where you can receive a verification code. Type your email address in the input field and check the Privacy Policy checkbox (after reading the Privacy Policy accessible through its link) and click on the „Get Verification Email” button.
The form on the website changes, and you can see 6 dots for a verification code. Check your email account, you should get an email with the verification code within a few minutes. Copy-paste or type the verification code from the email into the form on the website.
3. After entering the correct code, the form changes again, and you have to enter the name of your validator node you provided earlier during the installation process. It is also written on the validator machine’s screen in point 3.
(If you have already signed up before, and signed in through the sign-in page, the node registration form does not come up automatically, you can open it with the button on the top right part, that says “+ Register new validator node”.)
4. On the form under your validator node’s name you must type the TOTP code which can be seen on your validator machine’s screen at the time you are at this step. For security reasons the TOTP code changes every 30 seconds, the bottom bar shows the remaining time until the current code gets outdated and a new code will be shown.
\
After completing your node registration on the VPN network website you will see your node in your node registry.
#### 10. Setting up two factor authentication
Turn back to your validator machine’s screen.
In order to provide secure access later to your validator admin dashboard, you need to set up a two factor authentication. Follow the instructions on the screen:
1\. If you do not have an authenticator app yet, Download and open Google Authenticator or another similar application to your phone.
2\. Scan the QR Code with the authenticator app.
3\. Press enter on the validator machine’s keyboard to continue
If you are new to the authenticator app, you can find a detailed guide here:
Do not share your QR code with anyone! This is the secret key of your node, which makes accessing it more secure.
After hitting enter to continue you will see a screen where you have to provide the verification code from the newly set two-factor authentication.
Check the code in the authentication app on your phone and enter it using the keyboard. (Note: the numeric keypad may be turned off by default, in which case you may need to press the “num lock” key, or you can use the numbers above the letters.) The verification code changes every 30 seconds, so you can only move forward if you press enter on continue before the entered code changes. If the authentication fails because the code has changed, you can try again with the next code.
If authentication succeeded, just press enter on the next screen.
#### 11. Connected to Mosaic Network
After going through the steps of the installer, your validator node is successfully connected to Mosaic Network. Your node starts the synchronization with the blockchain, how long it takes depends on the length of the blockchain. The synchronization consists of two parts running in parallel: the Mosaic Chain and the Polkadot Relay Chain synchronization. The current state of the Polkadot Relay chain synchronization cannot be seen on the screen, but the process is still running in the background.
If you wait until the synchronization process is completed, you will see a screen about completion, where you hit enter, the installer closes and you will get back to the command line.
In the browser of your other device you will see your node appearing in the Mosaic Explorer
([mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io)). It might take a few minutes from the beginning of the synchronization process. On the Mosaic Explorer scroll down and in the left bottom corner click on the validator node name to open the node selector. While your node is synchronizing some components will appear in red next to its name, this is normal.
You can now disconnect the keyboard and the monitor from your validator machine and take the pendrive out. You can move your validator node to its final location. Then, make sure your machine remains connected to the internet and electrical network.
If you switch off your machine to move it to its final location, you do not have to do anything after switching it back on, no need for signing in or giving any commands, it will automatically start all the services to run the mosaic validator node.
Congratulations, your node is all set up!
You can complete the last step, i.e. connecting the node to the validator NFT, based on the Onboarding Guide.
\
# Mosaic Validator Onboarding Guide
This document will guide you through the steps of the validator onboarding process. **Please read this guide carefully before starting the onboarding process.**
The aim of the onboarding process is to connect your validator NFT to your validator node machine. As the essence of the blockchain is that there is no central server and central system-administrator, the transactions made cannot be reverted! **Therefore you are solely responsible for any loss if you do not strictly follow this document’s guidance to the onboarding process.**
The process consists of two parts:
1. Minting the Validator NFT to a SubWallet account from the Weboffice
2. Connecting and binding the Validator NFT to the already installed validator node in the Mosaic Explorer
**Onboarding with a smartphone and mobile wallet** is slightly different than using a desktop browser, you can find the necessary information for the use of a smartphone **at the end of this document.**
## I. Novalus Weboffice
*As the exclusive sales partner for Mosaic Galaxy, users must start the NFT minting process in their Novalus Weboffice interface.*
*In this part of the Onboarding Process you will mint your Special validator NFT on to the Mosaic chain. This means that a validator NFT will be created on the chain with a remark that it belongs to your given account.*
### 1. Making Declaration in the Weboffice
Login to your Novalus Weboffice.
In the main Menu, select OnBoarding / Validators.
Here you will see a warning, read it carefully! (If you accepted this warning before, it will not appear again.)
By clicking on the ‘Validator NFT guide’ button you will find this guide.
After you have read the guide, check the checkbox next to the statement, click on the appearing button.
A window will show up, warning that the minting of the NFT to the Mosaic Chain is irreversible, you are responsible for following the steps of this guide. After reading the text, click on ‘I accept it’.
You will still have access to the guide after accepting the statement.
### 2. Connecting SubWallet wallet to your weboffice
In order to transfer your NFT from the weboffice to the Mosaic chain, you need to connect a substrate based wallet account.
For security reasons, create a new account (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
Click on the ‘Connect Wallet’ button on the Onboarding / Validators page.
A modal will show up with the possible wallet providers.
#### 2.1. Installing SubWallet Extension on your device
*If you have already installed SubWallet on your device go to step 2.2.*
Click on the SubWallet button on the modal, it will guide you to the subwallet page where you can download the browser extension.
At you can find different download links for different browsers. You have to install the extension to the device and browser that you are using for reaching the Weboffice and later the Mosaic Explorer.
You can find detailed installation guide here:
If you do not have a Substrate account yet, create a new one in SubWallet.
You can find a detailed guide for creating new account here:
**It is VERY IMPORTANT that you keep the seed phrase of your account in a safe place.** Write down, save, keep in a safe place the 12 original English words of your account’s seed phrase!
If you ever forget it or lose it, you will not be able to recover your account if needed! If you forget the password to the SubWallet extension or your device breaks down, and you don’t have your account’s seed phrase, you will not be able to access your account anymore! All your assets on it will be lost to you including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
Also do not share your account’s seed phrase with anyone. Anyone who knows your account’s seed phrase, can have full access to your account and steal all your assets including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s seed phrase.
After installing SubWallet, refresh your browser and continue with step 2.2.
#### 2.2. SubWallet already installed
For security reasons, **create a new account** (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
If you have SubWallet Extension already installed on your device, click on SubWallet in the Connect wallet modal, this will initiate the SubWallet extension to ask your permission for connecting to this site. In the pop-up SubWallet window choose the account you would like to use (if you have only one, you have to select that), and click on Connect. If you would like to connect all your accounts later, you can select all accounts in the SubWallet app, then later you can choose between them in the weboffice.
Only connect an account if you know the 12 original English words of its seed phrase! Check it now! If you forgot or lost the seed phrase of your account, export it from SubWallet if you still have access to your wallet, or create a new account, and preserve its seed phrase in a safe place!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s seed phrase.
After clicking on Connect, your account will be connected to the weboffice, you can see the connected account address above the table, and you can see your validator NFT(s).
#### 2.3. Connecting another wallet or account
After connecting your wallet, in the bottom right corner you will see a button with the Novalus logo and the SubWallet logo on it. By clicking on it, the wallet menu appears. Here you can choose to switch between accounts or connect another wallet or disconnect all wallets.
If you have more accounts in your wallet but at step 2.2. you only allowed one to be connected, you will need to set the connection status of the other accounts in the SubWallet extension.
### 3. Minting NFT to your account
After connecting your wallet you can see your Validator NFT(s) on the list. If you have more than one, be aware that you can mint only 1 Special Validator NFT on a wallet account. You will need more accounts for more NFTs.
Click on the MINT NFT button next to your Special Validator NFT.
**In the pop-up window check the details thoroughly. After confirming this step there is no possibility of withdrawal or cancellation!**
If you have made sure that the data is correct, click on I ACCEPT IT.
### 4. Sign with wallet
The SubWallet extension window will pop up asking your signature to send the transaction request. Check the details by clicking on “View details”, wallet provider’s are trustable, but make it a habit that you always check what you are about to sign!
If you checked what the wallet asks your signature for is really what you want, click on Approve. After approval, SubWallet returns you to the Weboffice screen.
Now you have to wait a bit until the transaction is finalized on the chain, until then a yellow clock icon can be seen next to the Validator NFT. You can occasionally click the refresh button at the top of the table, to display the result.
If the transaction succeeded, you will see a green checkmark at the Status. A “View” button appears next to it, and clicking on it, you will be redirected to the Mosaic Explorer where you can see the transaction’s details.
The red x in the Mainnet column does not indicate an error, it means that this NFT can no longer be minted on the mainnet (either because it has already been minted or because there is already a validator NFT on the connected account).
(If the transaction failed, there will be a red “Failed” sign, by clicking on it, you will see the reason for the failure.)
### 5. Viewing your NFT and assets on the Mosaic Chain
You can see your account’s details and assets on the Mosaic Explorer. Open the [mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io) page and paste your account address into the search field. Click on the search result and you can see the balance of your account and also its NFTs.
In the Polkadot ecosystem the same account can appear under different addresses on different chains, the SubWallet and Weboffice format starts with a five, on the Mosaic Explorer, account addresses are starting with a one.
For more information on the subject and on how to see your MOS balance in the SubWallet check the relevant guide.
## II. Mosaic Explorer Admin Interface
To proceed with this step you need your validator node machine already installed and registered in the VPN network, with a completed chain synchronization process.
### 1. Sign in to your Admin Dashboard on Mosaic Explorer
Go to in the same browser you have installed the SubWallet Extension.
To sign in as a Validator Node Admin, click on the ‘Validator Dashboard’ button in the top right corner of the screen.
In the login form, at the first field you can select your node if you are connected to a different one. From the dropdown, select your validator node, type in a few characters to filter for the name that you have provided during the Mosaic Validator OS installation and registration process.
When you have selected your node, the connection switches to that.
Type in your username and password that you have provided during the Mosaic Validator OS installation, it is the username and password to your validator machine.
After this you have to provide the code for your two-factor authentication (2FA). This is what you have set up during the Mosaic Validator OS installation by taking a photo of the QR code with the authenticator app.
Open your authenticator app and check the code for your validator node and type it in.
If you have provided the right credentials you will be signed in to your validator node’s admin dashboard.
If you mistyped anything, you will get an error telling you where your mistake was (username and password or the 2FA code), and you can try again.
If your validator node has not completed the blockchain synchronization yet, you will see a screen that shows the status of this process. The finalized block might stay at zero for a while while the relay chain is warp synchronizing, but it will eventually increase. You can not continue until synchronization is complete.
*The synchronization of the blockchain and the indexer are two separate processes, a fully synchronized blockchain works without the indexer. The indexer helps in displaying historical data.*
### 2. Connect wallet
At the first login to your Admin Dashboard, the Onboarding Process comes up as default if your Special Validator NFT is not yet bound to your validator node.
Click on ‘Connect wallet’ on the welcome screen.
Here you can choose your wallet provider, as SubWallet was suggested in the weboffice part, choose SubWallet.
This will initiate the SubWallet to ask your permission for connecting to this site. In the pop-up window choose the account you would like to use (if you have only one, you have to select that), and click on Connect. If you have more accounts, you can select ‘All accounts’, then you can switch between accounts later directly in the Explorer.
*If you connect only one account from multiple accounts in this SubWallet window, you can change it later only directly in the settings of SubWallet, there is no possibility to approve other accounts in your wallet provider from the Explorer.*\
*Also if you click on the Reject button here (the red button with a shield), SubWallet will remember this setting and you can only change it later directly in the settings in SubWallet, the Explorer will not have access to the wallet.*\
*(*[*https://docs.subwallet.app/main/extension-user-guide/connect-dapps-and-manage-website-access#manage-websites-access*](https://docs.subwallet.app/main/extension-user-guide/connect-dapps-and-manage-website-access%23manage-websites-access)*)*
After approving the connection with SubWallet you are guided back to the Explorer where you can select your account. If there is only one, you need to click on it, too.
After selecting your account, it is connected to the Mosaic Explorer, you can see it in the top right corner as well.
The onboarding process continues with the next screen.
### 3. Authorizing proxy wallet
*To explain simply the technical background, the binding of the Special Validator NFT to your validator node machine consists of two parts. First you give permission (proxy) from your account that holds your Special Validator NFT to the validator node (which has the so-called controller account) to perform certain actions in connection with the Special Validator NFT that are needed for the validation process. Second you bind the Special Validator NFT, so it cannot be transferred or used elsewhere or burned.*
When your account is connected, an automatic check is made on the account for Special Validator NFTs. You see the small circle spinning while the check is running.
When the check is finished you will see a check mark if there is a single Special Validator NFT on the connected wallet account. If there is no NFT or there are multiple NFTs you will see a red x and the corresponding message at this point.
When the Special Validator NFT is found, the ‘Authorize proxy wallet’ button becomes active.
With the authorization 20 MOS will be transferred to the controller account for the small fees the controller account has to pay when it acts on behalf of the account that holds the Special Validator NFT (e.g. binding the NFT). (During the weboffice minting process, together with the validator NFT, some MOS was also credited to your account, there will be a cover for it.)
Click on the ‘Authorize proxy wallet’ button to send the proxy transaction to the chain.
The SubWallet request for signing the transaction pops up. Check the details as always and if you agree, click on ‘Approve’.
After you have signed (approved) the proxy transaction, you will see the transaction's progress on the blockchain in a blue message box in the bottom left corner of the screen. Finalization might take a minute, just wait patiently.
When the transaction is finalized on the blockchain, that is your account authorized your validator node’s controller account to be its proxy, it will be saved on your validator node, too.
If your last two-factor authentication was more than a few minutes ago, you have to enter your 2FA code again here for this step. Open your two-factor authenticator app and check the code for your validator node and type it in.
Now the account that holds your Special Validator NFT (stash account) has authorized the controller account on your machine as its proxy.
### 4. Rotate session keys
Next, as a technical step, the session keys necessary for secure communication on your node need to be set. Click the “Rotate session keys” button to do this.
### 5. Bind your Special Validator NFT
To bind your validator NFT, you need to click on the ‘Bind NFT’ button to start the blockchain transaction.
This transaction is initiated by your validator node now. If a few minutes have passed since your last two-factor authentication, you have to provide your 2FA code again to approve it.
When the process is finished, a congrats screen will show. After clicking on continue on this screen you will see your validator admin dashboard.
Congratulations, your onboarding process is completed! Your validator is fully set up, the Mosaic Journey begins!
Your node is now taking part in block generation and validation. If you need to turn it off, you have to chill it first to let the chain know it will not be available! You can give the chill command on the validator admin dashboard.
## Onboarding on smartphone
The difference to the above onboarding process when doing it on a phone is the following.
### 1. Install SubWallet to your phone
Download the SubWallet app from the App Store or Google Play and install it.
Detailed instructions for installation:
If you do not have a Substrate account yet, create a new one in SubWallet.
You can find a detailed guide for creating new account here:
**It is VERY IMPORTANT that you keep the seed phrase of your account in a safe place.** Write down, save, keep in a safe place the 12 original English words of your account’s seed phrase!
If you ever forget it or lose it, you will not be able to recover your account if needed! If you forget the password to the SubWallet extension or your device breaks down, and you don’t have your account’s seed phrase, you will not be able to access your account anymore! All your assets on it will be lost to you including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
Also do not share your account’s seed phrase with anyone. Anyone who knows your account’s seed phrase, can have full access to your account and steal all your assets including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is losing or disclosing your account’s seed phrase.
### 2. Open the website in the SubWallet browser
The onboarding flow is the same as described above in the guide, but you have to access both the Weboffice and the Mosaic Explorer through SubWallet’s browser.
On the SubWallet homepage, press the "dApps" tab at the bottom of the screen.
For the first phase of the process type in the search bar the address of the weboffice, novalusprime.com. Hit enter, and SubWallet connects to the site and you can complete the onboarding process according to what is written in the above guide for computer browsers.
For the second phase type in the search bar the address of the mosaic explorer, mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io. Hit enter, and SubWallet connects to the site and you can complete the onboarding process according to what is written in the above guide for computer browsers.
# Delegator NFT minting guide
This guide helps you to mint your delegator NFT on the Mosaic chain. This means that a delegator NFT will be created on the Mosaic chain with a remark that it belongs to your given account.
### 1. Making Declaration in the Weboffice
*As the exclusive sales partner of Mosaic Chain, the process starts in the Novalus Weboffice interface.*
Login to your Novalus Weboffice.
In the main Menu, select OnBoarding / Delegators.
Here you will see a warning, read it carefully! (If you accepted this warning before, it will not appear again.)
After you read the disclaimer, check the checkbox next to the statement, click on the appearing button. A window will show up, after reading the text in it, click on ‘I accept it’ if you agree with it.
### 2. Connecting SubWallet wallet to your weboffice
In order to transfer your NFT from the weboffice to the Mosaic chain, you need to connect a substrate based wallet account.
For security reasons, **create a new account** (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
Click on the ‘Connect Wallet’ button on the Onboarding / Delegators page.
A modal will show up with the possible wallet providers.
#### 2.1. Installing SubWallet Extension on your device
*If you have already installed SubWallet on your device go to step 2.2.*
Click on the SubWallet button on the modal, it will guide you to the subwallet page where you can download the browser extension.
At you can find different download links for different browsers. You have to install the extension to the device and browser that you are using for reaching the Weboffice and later the Mosaic Explorer.
You can find detailed installation guide here:
If you do not have a Substrate account yet, create a new one in SubWallet.
You can find a detailed guide for creating new account here:
**It is VERY IMPORTANT that you keep the seed phrase of your account in a safe place.** Write down, save, keep in a safe place the 12 original English words of your account’s seed phrase!
If you ever forget it or lose it, you will not be able to recover your account if needed! If you forget the password to the SubWallet extension or your device breaks down, and you don’t have your account’s seed phrase, you will not be able to access your account anymore! All your assets on it will be lost to you including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
Also do not share your account’s seed phrase with anyone. Anyone who knows your account’s seed phrase, can have full access to your account and steal all your assets including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s seed phrase.
After installing SubWallet, refresh your browser and continue with step 2.2.
#### 2.2. SubWallet already installed
For security reasons, **create a new account** (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
If you have SubWallet Extension already installed on your device, click on SubWallet in the Connect wallet modal, this will initiate the SubWallet extension to ask your permission for connecting to this site. In the pop-up SubWallet window choose the account you would like to use (if you have only one, you have to select that), and click on Connect. If you would like to connect all your accounts later, you can select all accounts in the SubWallet app, then later you can choose between them in the weboffice.
**Only connect an account if you know the 12 original English words of its seed phrase!** Check it now! If you forgot or lost the seed phrase of your account, export it from SubWallet if you still have access to your wallet, or create a new account, and preserve its seed phrase in a safe place!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s seed phrase.
After clicking on Connect, your account will be connected to the weboffice, you can see the connected account address above the table, and you can see your Delegator NFT(s).
#### 2.3. Connecting another wallet or account
After connecting your wallet, in the bottom right corner you will see a button with the Novalus logo and the SubWallet logo on it. By clicking on it, the wallet menu appears. Here you can choose to switch between accounts or connect another wallet or disconnect all wallets.
If you have more accounts in your wallet but at step 2.2. you only allowed one to be connected, you will need to set the connection status of the other accounts in the SubWallet extension.
### 3. Minting NFT to your account
You can see your NFT(s) on the list. If you have more than one, be aware that you can mint only 5 Delegator NFTs on one wallet account. You will need more accounts for more NFTs.
Click on the checkboxes next to your NFT(s) you would like to mint to the connected account. After you selected the NFT(s), click on the MINT SELECTED NFTS button in the top right corner above the table.
**In the pop-up window check the details thoroughly. After confirming this step there is no possibility of withdrawal or cancellation!**
Check the selected wallet account address before clicking on MINT.
If you have made sure that the data is correct, click on MINT.
### 4. Sign with wallet
The SubWallet extension window will pop up asking your signature to send the transaction request. Check the details by clicking on “View details”, wallet provider’s are trustable, but make it a habit that you always check what you are about to sign!
If you checked what the wallet asks your signature for is really what you want, click on Approve. After approval, SubWallet returns you to the Weboffice screen.
Now you have to wait a bit until the transaction is finalized on the chain, until then a yellow clock icon can be seen next to the Delegator NFT(s). You can occasionally click the refresh button at the top of the table, to display the result.
If the transaction succeeded, you will see a green checkmark at the Status. A “View” button appears next to it, and clicking on it, you will be redirected to the Mosaic Explorer where you can see the transaction’s details.
(If the transaction failed, there will be a red “Failed” sign, by clicking on it, you will see the reason for the failure.)
### 5. Viewing your NFT and assets on the Mosaic Chain
You can see your account’s details and assets on the Mosaic Explorer. Open the [mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io) page and paste your account address into the search field. Click on the search result and you can see the balance of your account and also its NFTs.
In the Polkadot ecosystem the same account can appear under different addresses on different chains, the SubWallet and Weboffice format starts with a five, on the Mosaic Explorer, account addresses are starting with a one.
For more information on the subject and on how to see your MOS balance in the SubWallet check the relevant guide.
# MOS Minting And Vesting Guide
This guide will help you mint Mosaic Pretokens from the Weboffice to the Mosaic Chain. On the Mosaic Chain, these MOS tokens will be locked and released gradually (vested) based on a so-called vesting schedule.
Vesting is the process by which tokens are gradually released, i.e. they become available. Tokens vested according to the schedule can be moved to the spendable balance by submitting a so-called vest transaction. The vest call does not mint new tokens; instead, it moves tokens you already own — but were previously locked — into your freely usable balance.
What can you do with vesting MOS tokens?
1. You can move tokens that have already been released (vested) from the lock to the freely usable balance.
2. You can convert the entire vesting amount to a type that can be staked. You can receive rewards for the staked amount, so you can also earn interest on the amount waiting to be released. However, in this case, the entire amount remains frozen until the end of the entire vesting period, and it will not be released (vested) per block.
It is important that to execute any of the above transactions, you must have enough funds on your account to cover the transaction fee! If you mint your MOS pretokens to a completely new account, there will be no free balance available for transaction fees! You can only send the vest transaction according to point 1 above or the so-called vested-to-freeze call according to point 2 to the blockchain if enough freely usable MOS is transferred to your wallet to cover the transaction fee.
### 1. Declaration in the Weboffice
Log in to your Novalus Weboffice!
In the main menu, select OnBoarding / MOS minting!
If you see a warning, read it carefully, then check the checkbox next to the text and click the button that appears. A window will appear, after reading the text in it, click the "I accept" button if you agree with it!
### 2. Connecting SubWallet to the Weboffice
\
To transfer MOS from the Weboffice to the Mosaic Chain, you need to connect a substrate-based wallet.
For security reasons, **create a new account** (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
Taking into account the points mentioned in the introduction, decide whether to connect a new account or one to which you have already minted (or will mint) NFT and some MOS with it.
Click the “Connect Wallet” button on the Onboarding / MOS mint page!
A modal will show up with the possible wallet providers.
### 2.1. Installing SubWallet Extension on your device
If you have already installed SubWallet on your device go to step 2.2.
Click on the SubWallet button on the modal, it will guide you to the subwallet page where you can download the browser extension.
At you can find different download links for different browsers. You have to install the extension to the device and browser that you are using for reaching the Weboffice and later the Mosaic Explorer.
You can find detailed installation guide here:
If you do not have a Substrate account yet, create a new one in SubWallet.
You can find a detailed guide for creating new account here:
**It is VERY IMPORTANT that you keep the seed phrase of your account in a safe place. Write down, save, keep in a safe place the 12 original English words of your account’s seed phrase!**
If you ever forget it or lose it, you will not be able to recover your account if needed! If you forget the password to the SubWallet extension or your device breaks down, and you don’t have your account’s seed phrase, you will not be able to access your account anymore! All your assets on it will be lost to you including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
Also do not share your account’s seed phrase with anyone. Anyone who knows your account’s seed phrase, can have full access to your account and steal all your assets including your NFT(s) and your MOS tokens!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s SEED PHRASE.
After installing SubWallet, refresh your browser and continue with step 2.2.
### 2.2. SubWallet already installed
For security reasons, **create a new account** (more new accounts if needed) in SubWallet to use on the Mainnet!
If you have SubWallet Extension already installed on your device, click on SubWallet in the Connect wallet modal, this will initiate the SubWallet extension to ask your permission for connecting to this site. In the pop-up SubWallet window choose the account you would like to use (if you have only one, you have to select that), and click on Connect. If you would like to connect all your accounts later, you can select all accounts in the SubWallet app, then later you can choose between them in the weboffice.
**Only connect an account if you know the 12 original English words of its seed phrase!** Check it now! If you forgot or lost the seed phrase of your account, export it from SubWallet if you still have access to your wallet, or create a new account, and preserve its seed phrase in a safe place!
This is the most important safety information: The biggest security risk is that you lose or disclose your account’s SEED PHRASE.
After clicking on Connect, your account will be connected to the weboffice, you can see the connected account address above the table, and you can see the MOS amount that can be minted.
### 2.3. Connecting another wallet or account
After connecting your wallet, in the bottom right corner you will see a button with the Novalus logo and the SubWallet logo on it. By clicking on it, the wallet menu appears. Here you can choose to switch between accounts or connect another wallet or disconnect all wallets.
If you have more accounts in your wallet but at step 2.2. you only allowed one to be connected, you will need to set the connection status of the other accounts in the SubWallet extension.
### 3. Minting MOS to your account
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After connecting your wallet you can see your MOS vesting schedules on the list. In addition to the amount, there is also the timing of the schedule: the amount to be unlocked per block, as well as the amount to be unlocked daily. The starting time has not yet been determined, it will be a few blocks after being minted to the chain.
If you scroll down the page, you can see a list of categories from which the mintable MOS balance was added up.
Make sure the account you want to send the MOS to is selected. If you mint it to an account that does not have any other spendable MOS balance, you will not be able to perform a vest or convert transaction later without adding spendable MOS to your account from elsewhere.
To mint your vesting tokens, click the MINT MOS button at the end of the line.
**In the pop-up window check the details thoroughly. After confirming this step there is no possibility of withdrawal or cancellation!**
Once you have verified that the data is correct and that you have the SEED PHRASE of the selected account, click the "I ACCEPT IT" button!
### 4. Sign with wallet
The SubWallet extension window will pop up asking your signature to send the transaction request. Check the details by clicking on “View details”, wallet provider’s are trustable, but make it a habit that you always check what you are about to sign!
If you checked what the wallet asks your signature for is really what you want, click on Approve. After approval, SubWallet returns you to the Weboffice screen.
Now you have to wait a bit until the transaction is finalized on the chain, until then a yellow clock icon can be seen next to the MINT button. You can occasionally click the refresh button at the top of the table, to display the result.
If the transaction succeeded, you will see a green checkmark at the Status. A “View” button appears next to it, and clicking on it, you will be redirected to the Mosaic Explorer where you can see the transaction’s details.
(If the transaction failed, there will be a red “Failed” sign, by clicking on it, you will see the reason for the failure.)
### 5. **Viewing the MOS balance on the Mosaic Chain**
You can see your account’s details and assets on the Mosaic Explorer. Open the [mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io) page and paste your account address into the search field in the header of the page. Click on the search result and you can see the balance of your account.
In the Polkadot ecosystem the same account can appear under different addresses on different chains, the SubWallet and Weboffice format starts with a five, on the Mosaic Explorer, account addresses are starting with a one.
For more information on the subject and on how to see your MOS balance in the SubWallet check the relevant guide.
### 6. Moving of vested tokens - vest (claim)
MOS tokens, which are gradually released based on the vesting schedule, can be moved to the spendable balance with a transaction. You can do this on the Mosaic Explorer Account Details page.
If you haven't already, connect your wallet using the “Connect wallet” button in the top right corner of the page. Select SubWallet from the drop-down menu.
If you have not connected your wallet to the site before, the SubWallet authorization window will appear. In the SubWallet window, select “All accounts” and then click the Connect button. In the menu that opens in the upper right part of the Explorer, select the account on which you want to make the vest call.
Navigate to the Account Details page of your account. You can also do this by clicking on your connected account address in the upper right corner in the place of the Connect button and clicking “View account” in the drop-down menu.
On the Account Details page, under the balance card, select “Vesting schedules” to view your vesting schedule(s), if any, for your account.
You will see the following information:
* The original total amount locked (Total)
* The amount vested, now available for claim to move (Claimable)
* The amount already claimed to be moved (Claimed)
* The amount released per block (Per block)
* The starting block number from which the vesting begins (Starting block)
* The block number by which the total amount will be released (Ending block)
* The vesting process status (Progress)
You can move the tokens that have already been vested from the lock to your free balance, as long as you have enough free funds on your account to pay the transaction fee.
If you have more vesting schedules the vested amount will be moved to the free balance from all of them.
Click the “Claim” button in the upper right corner of the Vesting schedules table. A confirmation window will appear, click the “Claim” button here as well.
The SubWallet signature request window will then pop up. Check the details, then click the Approve button.
Returning to Mosaic Explorer after the transaction is finalized, you will see the change in the claimable and claimed amounts.
Refresh the page, or go to another menu item and go back, so the change will also be updated in your Balance details, you will see that your spendable balance has increased, while your onHold balance has decreased.
The Total Balance has decreased with the transaction fee.
### 7. Conversion to stakeable type - vesting to freeze
If you would like to convert your entire amount in vesting to a type that can be staked, you can do so on the Mosaic Explorer Account Details page. It is important to note that in this case, the entire amount will remain frozen until the original end of the entire vesting period, and will not be released per block!
Connect your account and navigate to the Account Details page, then select the Vesting Schedules tab as described in point 6.
Click on the “Convert to frozen balance” button in the upper right corner of the table!
In the window that appears, you will see a warning that this process cannot be reversed. If you convert the vesting to a so-called frozen balance, the converted amount will remain frozen until the end of the original vesting period. You can use it for staking, but you will not be able to spend it, for example, on transaction fees or transfer it.
The amount that is unvested based on the schedule will be converted. The released but not yet claimed amount will be moved to your spendable balance.
To execute the transaction, you must have enough funds on your account to pay the transaction fee!
Select the vesting schedule you want to convert (if there is only one, you must also check the box in front of it), then click the Continue button.
The SubWallet signature request window will pop up. Check the details and click the Approve button.
Returning to Mosaic Explorer, after the transaction is finalized, you will see that the vesting schedule disappears from the vesting schedules list, but appears in your frozen balance available for staking, which you can check under the Frozen Schedules tab.
# Mosaic Chain Staking (Delegation)
Since there is no unified translation for blockchain-related terms, and English terms have become established in many languages’ colloquial usage, we will use the English terms in this guide. You will find a more detailed definition at the end of the document, and the following glossary will help you interpret the terms:
English term
Meaning
staking
Staking tokens (including NFT) for network security and rewards.
stake
The total of staked tokens.
validator
A node that produces and validates blocks
delegator
The user who stakes their tokens to a validator.
reward
The rewards of validators and their delegators
commission
The validator's share of their delegators’ rewards.
slashing
Stake deduction due to malicious or malfunctioning activity.
unstaking
The process of unstaking - unlocking the stake (often with a waiting period).
session
The time unit for staking rewards calculation periods.
minimum stake / min. staking amount
The minimum amount that must be staked to participate.
minimum staking period
The time that the token must be staked before it can be unlocked.
contract
It contains the terms of the staking agreement between the validator and the delegator (or the validator and themselves).
## Staking page on Mosaic Explorer
The staking page consists of two main sections: Overview and the user's own staking (My Staking), with the selector at the top of the page allowing you to choose between the two sub-pages.
### Staking overview
At the top of the page you will see global staking statistics:
* Total stake: the total value of assets staked on the Mosaic blockchain.
* Staking rate: the ratio of staked tokens to total issued tokens.
* Validators: the number of validators on the Mosaic blockchain, broken down by active and chilled status.
Below this you find the list of Validators, with DPOS and POS validators in a separate table, as only DPOS validators can be staked to.
It is possible to mark your favorite validators whose operation and changes in their conditions you would like to monitor. Those you mark by clicking on the icon at the beginning of the row will appear in a separate list, which you can view by clicking on the "Favourite validators" button in the upper right corner of the table.
#### Validators
In the list of DPOS validators you can see the following information (the table can be scrolled horizontally, not all columns are visible at once):
* Validator: The validator's account address; by clicking on this you can navigate to the "Validator details" page.
* Total stake: The validator's total stake, including the value of their own NFT, the NFTs delegated to them and the rewards.
* Status: Active, faulted or chilled.
* Commission rate: The rate that the validator receives from the delegator's reward after staking with them.
* Min. Staking Period: minimum staking period. The default value is 672 sessions, which corresponds to approx. 28 days based on the average session length. The validator can set this to a higher value.
* Contracts: The number of staking contracts of the validator, including the one for their own validator NFT.
* Accepts delegations: Whether delegation to the validator is possible. Validators can set to not accept stake from delegators for a period of time.
The minimum stake is currently 50 MOS for all validators.
Select a validator from the table, click on their account address and view their details on the Validator Details page that opens.
### Validator Details
On this page, on the right side, you see the min. staking period, commission rate, and status, but here we see the number of delegators instead of contracts, so the own validator contract is not included in this number.
(Validators can manage their staking contract terms, such as min. staking period and commission rate on the Validator Dashboard Settings platform.)
The pie chart shows the breakdown of the validator's total stake. Under the Overview tab, the validator’s own stake is combined with the stake delegated by others. In the Detailed view, this is broken down further into:
* delegated NFTs: the nominal value of the delegator NFTs delegated to the validator
* delegated currency: the amount of MOS delegated to the validator
* self staked currency: the amount of MOS staked by the validator to themselves, including rewards
* self staked validator NFT: the nominal value of the validator's bound validator NFT
* self staked delegator NFTs: the nominal value of the delegator NFTs delegated by the validator to themselves
If you like the details of the validator and would like to stake to them, you can do so by clicking the Stake now button.
If your wallet is not yet connected to the site, click the Connect wallet button in the upper right corner and connect your wallet. (See the wallet connection process at the end of the document.) Select the acccount address you would like to stake with, which holds your delegate NFT.
Once you have connected your wallet, click the “Stake now” button.
### Stake process
Important information
What you stake will be tied up for at least the minimum staking period. (Unless a validator has been in a chilled status for at least 72 sessions, in which case an “extraordinary” unstaking is possible.)
The delegator NFT’s expiration period starts from its first staking (binding) and can not be interrupted! If you unstake it and it is not staked for a while, the counting of the expiration period does not stop!
Ensure a minimum spendable amount in your balance for the transaction fee of staking and unstaking.
The reward will be paid out at the end of the session and added to your stake amount, you cannot withdraw it from the stake during the minimum staking period.
Monitor your stake and change validators if necessary, as circumstances may change.
A delegator NFT can be staked if
* it has not yet been staked to another validator, i.e. its status is not bound,
* its nominal value is greater than or equal to the minimum staking amount,
* it does not expire before the end of the minimum staking period.
After clicking the “Stake now” button on the validator page, you need to follow the steps below.
#### 1. Selected Validator:
This is a confirmation window, you will see your delegator account on the left, the account address of the selected validator on the right, as well as the validator's minimum staking period and commission rate. If you find it OK, click the Continue button.
#### 2. Add amount:
You can choose whether you want to stake MOS or delegate NFT, if you have any on your account.
|
Click the Delegate NFT button, then click in the field below Choose NFT to see the delegator NFTs on your account. Select the NFT you want to delegate.
|
Enter the amount you want to stake in the amount field. If you enter an amount less than the min. staking amount or more than your balance, you will see a red warning.
|
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| After you have selected your delegator NFT, click the Continue button! | After you have entered the MOS amount, click the Continue button! |
#### 3. Summary:
The window that appears summarizes the data entered for staking. New information is the “estimated tx fee”, which is the estimated transaction fee of the staking transaction.
|  |  |
| -------------------------------- | -------------------------------- |
If the details are correct, click the Sign and send button.
#### 4. The SubWallet window will then appear, enter your password if necessary, then check the transaction details by clicking the view details button before signing!
|
|
(The amount is expressed in MOS "change", 1 MOS = 10^18 tiles)
|
| --------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
If the details are correct, close this window with the Close button, then click the approve button!
After the SubWallet window closes, you can see the transaction status in the blue bar that appears in the lower left corner of Explorer.
If the transaction has been added to the blockchain, a “Stake successful” message will appear. The “View” button will navigate you to your own staking page, the “Close” button will close this message and you will remain on the validator page. Click the View button.
The new stake will appear on the “My Staking” page under “My Contracts”, i.e. among your staking contracts. You will not see the details yet, because although the staked amount or delegated NFT is immediately deposited (locked or bound), it will only be added to the validator’s stake in the next session. This can take up to an hour. This is because there are no partial time units when calculating the reward, so that someone who only participated in the validation for 2/3 of the time will receive 2/3 of the reward, etc., so each stake is always considered per session.
### My Staking page
You can see your stake details on the My Staking page. If your account is not yet connected to the page, click the Connect wallet button in the middle of the page or in the upper right corner and connect your wallet. (See the wallet connection process at the end of the document.) Select the account address for which you would like to see the stake details, you can only see the details of one account at a time on the page.
If you don't have any stake yet, all amounts will be zero.
If you have any staking contracts, whether from a bound validator NFT, a delegated NFT, or staked MOS, the summary will appear in the upper part, and also a list of your contracts with the contract data.
The image below shows the stake page of a validator who has no other contract besides their own bound validator NFT, i.e. has no delegator. In the upper part, you can see an amount at total currency delegated, which the validator could have staked to themselves, but in this example, it is the amount of their rewards, which is automatically credited to the stake.
Among the contract data, you can see the validator's account address at the top, and its current status.
The bottom line shows the total amount of the stake (NFT nominal value + staked MOS), the commission rate, which is 100% because this is a validator self-stake contract. Finally, it appears that the minimum staking period (here lock-in period) has expired, meaning the bound NFT and staked amount are no longer "locked", and the validator can unstake it. Note: The validator can only unstake the reward here, the validator can unbind the NFT on the Validator Dashboard.
There are two buttons on the contract: Stake more and Unstake.
By clicking on Stake more, you can perform the steps described above in the Staking process chapter, to the validator in the contract. What is important is that by adding a new stake, the contract is modified according to the currently valid conditions (min. staking period, commission rate), and the minimum staking period restarts also for the previously staked amount. The changes will only be applied in the next session, the previous conditions will apply until the end of the current session.
### Unstake
On the “My Staking” page, you can unstake, i.e. remove the stake amount that is no longer locked from the staking by clicking the Unstake button on the given contract. In the Unstake process, it is possible to unstake a partial amount, only MOS, only NFT, or even everything at once.
However, it is important that if you do not unstake everything, a stake equal to or greater than the minimum staking amount must remain in the contract.
In the pop-up window, select with the slider, or enter the amount directly that you want to unstake, and/or check the NFT’s checkbox you want to unstake, then click the Unstake button!
In the confirmation window, click the Unstake button.
In the SubWallet window that pops up, click the view details button to check the details, and if they are correct, close this window, then click the Approve button.
You will see the transaction status in the bottom left corner of the Explorer. When the transaction has been finalized on the blockchain, a success message will appear. It is important to note that even with unstaking, you must wait until the end of the session for the contract modification to take place if the validator is selected for validation in the given session.
## Knowledge base
### What is staking in general?
Delegated Proof of Stake is a crypto-economic security system based on game theory to effectively secure permissionless (open to anyone) blockchains, where millions of dollars are stored. To ensure the safety of the capital stored on the blockchain, it is crucial to protect the blockchain's state from external, malicious events. Such events can include replacing validators' software with custom software, thereby running malicious code on nodes, or multiple validators simultaneously disconnecting from the blockchain.
To ensure validators perform their tasks properly, including the constant production of blocks, they must be incentivized to behave correctly. This is achieved through staking, where tokens are either independently self-staked by validators or delegated to them by the delegators. If a validator performs well as expected, it receives staking rewards. However, if it fails to meet its obligations (such as disconnecting from the internet or running fake software), the system will not only slash the validator's own self-staked tokens, but the tokens delegated to it too. This creates an economic incentive for validators to behave appropriately.
In the long term, well-behaved validators who follow the rules will remain and receive staking rewards, while those who perform poorly will eventually be eliminated.
### Validators
Validators on the Mosaic Chain produce blocks to maintain and keep the blockchain running. As a Mosaic validator owner, you must monitor and maintain the performance of your validator. Each validator has a Validator NFT, which is bound to it, meaning that it is active and the validator currently participates in the staking system. We can say that this Validator NFT is basically the self-stake, because every Validator NFTs has a nominal value in MOS.
### Delegator NFT
The Delegator NFTs have nominal values which represent some amount in MOS. These NFTs can be delegated to Validators. Thus delegating these, delegators add more funds to the staking system, thus the economic security of the DPoS mechanism increases. Delegator NFT owners should continuously monitor the performance of the validators delegated to, and take care the validator doesn’t make mistakes that could result in slashing of funds.
### Validator commission
Reward received by a validator is split between the validator and their delegators. The validator can apply a commission on the part of the reward that goes to their delegators. This commission is set as a percentage. Each validator is free to set their commission percentage, which they can change anytime, but cannot change below a minimum commission percentage, which commission is 1%. When a delegator stakes an NFT or MOS coin, they accept the current commission rate. Any future changes to the commission rate do not affect existing staking contracts, ensuring validators cannot adjust the commission without the knowledge of those who previously delegated to them.
### Minimum Staking Period
Each time a delegator stakes some MOS or Delegation NFT, or a validator self-stakes, they cannot unstake for a certain number of sessions (now 672) on Mosaic Chain.
If a delegator adds new stakes and so the delegator and the validator accepts a new contract, the restart of the minimum staking period applies also for the existing stake, not just the incremental one.
### Slashing and Auto-Chilling
Since validators can be slashed, i.e. their funds can be reduced, the nominal value of validator NFTs can drop below their initial nominal value. Slashing can occur multiple times depending on the behavior of the validator. When a validator faults twice in a row, it receives two slashes and its status automatically changes from active (i.e. faulted) to chilled. Automatic chilling is a safety mechanism that protects stakeholders from excessive abuse and financial loss by removing the validator from the subset of active validators and preventing them from returning until they are manually unchilled.
### Slacking period
If a validator is continuously chilled for 72 sessions (approximately 3 days), delegators can terminate the staking contract after this so-called “slacking period”, i.e. unstake from the validator without waiting for the end of the minimum staking period, as long as the validator remains chilled.
### NFT Top Up
If a validator's NFT value drops below 80% of its initial nominal value, the validator will automatically enter a chilled state. The validator will not be able to unchill, i.e. become active for block production and reward earning, until the validator's NFT value is topped up to its initial nominal value.
### Kick Delegator
After the minimum staking period has passed, the validator can also decide to remove a delegator, i.e. terminate the contract between them, which means that the delegated NFTs and MOS tokens will be released at the beginning of the next session. The delegator can stake them with another validator, or even with the same validator, according to its currently valid terms.
## Connecting wallet
In the upper right corner of Mosaic Explorer, click the Connect Wallet button, then select SubWallet.
If you have not connected your SubWallet before to this page, the SubWallet window will appear. Select all accounts and click the Connect button.
Then in the Explorer, select an account to be your primary account. If you only have 1 account in your wallet, click on it anyway.
A green message will appear stating that you have successfully connected your wallet, and you will see your account name/address in place of the Connect Wallet button.
*Attention! In case of a SubWallet mobile application, you must open the Explorer page in the SubWallet’s browser, this is the only way to connect your wallet. Select the dApps menu item in the bottom menu of SubWallet, enter* [*mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io*](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io) *in the search box at the top of the page that appears, and you can connect your wallet on the website that appears here as described above. You can find detailed instructions here:*
[*https://docs.subwallet.app/main/mobile-app-user-guide/connect-dapps-and-manage-website-access#connect-dapps*](https://docs.subwallet.app/main/mobile-app-user-guide/connect-dapps-and-manage-website-access#connect-dapps)
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# Cross Chain Transfer Guide
## Teleport MOS or other Assets
This guide will describe how to teleport MOS from Mosaic Chain to AssetHub or from AssetHub to Mosaic Chain.
### What is teleport?
A teleport is a cross-chain asset transfer performed through Polkadot's XCM (Cross-Consensus Messaging) protocol. The process is designed so that the asset is removed from circulation on the source chain and re-created or released on the destination chain, preventing duplication of the asset.\
In user terms: an amount of a given token (asset) is transferred from the source chain to the destination chain.
Currently these types of cross-chain transfer are supported on Mosaic Explorer:
* Teleporting MOS, DOT, USDC or USDT from Mosaic Chain to Polkadot AssetHub
* Teleporting MOS, DOT, USDC or USDTfrom Polkadot AssetHub to Mosaic Chain
The user interface is the same in each case, but for teleporting from Polkadot AssetHub, you will need to have some DOT on your account to pay the transaction fee.
At cross-chain transfers fees are paid on both the source chain and the destination chain. The source chain fees are deducted from your balance above the teleported amount on the source chain. The destination chain fees are deducted from the assets being teleported.
Since teleport is a method of transfer, for ease of understanding the term “transfer” will be used in this guide to refer to it.
### The Cross-chain form
Open the Assets page on the Mosaic Explorer ([mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io](http://mainnet-explorer.mosaicchain.io/)) by clicking on the Assets link in the top navbar. If no wallet is connected yet, click on the Connect Wallet button in the top right corner and connect your account from which you want to make the transfer.
You will only need to set 4 things on the cross-chain form:
* Sender account - the account you will transfer the tokens from
* Source chain - whether to transfer from Mosaic Chain to AssetHub or vice-versa
* Amount of transfer
* Recipient account - if you want to transfer the assets to a different account on the destination chain, other than the sender account
Source data (FROM):
* FROM account - The account the transfer will be sent from, you can change it with the account menu (connect wallet) button in the top right corner.
* SPENDABLE BALANCE - The balance of the selected token on the source account on the source chain (Mosaic Chain by default) that is freely transferable.
* Chain / Token selector - Click on the MOS / Mosaic Chain box if you want to change the source chain from Mosaic Chain to AssetHub or the asset to be transferred (In the popup modal, choose Polkadot AssetHub on the left, then the desired token on the right. The destination chain will adjust automatically.)
* Amount field - Type in the amount you would like to transfer to the destination chain
* Max button - Click this button if you would like to transfer all the available spendable balance. The possible maximum transferable amount will be calculated taking the deductible fees into account.
Destination data (TO):
* TO account - As in a same-chain transfer, the recipient account can be selected, if it is not the same as the sender. Click on the account address to change the destination account on the destination chain. In the popup modal you can choose from your own accounts or type in or paste a custom account address.
* BALANCE - The balance of the selected token on the account on the destination chain (on AssetHub by default).
* Chain / Token selector - Not enabled yet. The destination chain and asset is selected automatically with the change of the source chain.
* Amount field - filled in automatically.
Fees:\
After filling in the amount field, the fees of the transfer and the estimated amount to be received will be calculated. The source chain fees consist of the transaction fee and the XCM delivery fee. The destination chain fees consist of the XCM execution fee and the auto swap fee for existential deposit, if the account does not yet exist on the destination chain.
Auto-calculated amounts:
* Total received: the estimated amount that will be credited to the destination account. It equals the specified transferred amount minus the destination chain fees.
* Total paid: the total amount that will be deducted from your source chain balance. It is the specified amount plus the source chain fees.
* Auto swap: If the account does not yet exist on the destination chain, a so-called existential deposit needs to be reserved on it in the chain’s native token (MOS on Mosaic Chain, DOT on Polkadot AssetHub). A small portion of the transferred asset is automatically swapped into the native token so your account can meet the minimum balance requirement. Applied only if the account does not yet exist on the destination chain and the transferred asset is not the destination chain’s native token.
* Slippage: The maximum allowed difference between the estimated and actual swap rate for the auto-swap. At the time the swap is executed, the market price can change and the final amount received may differ slightly from the estimated amount. The difference between the expected and actual outcome is the slippage. Higher slippage tolerance increases the chance of a successful swap but may result in receiving fewer tokens than estimated. The default 1% is an optimal value.
* Fee: The total amount of the source chain and destination chain fees (not including auto swap fee).
Recent Transactions table\
You can see your recent transactions here. This is currently stored in the browser, so you see it only on the device from which you made the transaction.
Balances table\
You can see the connected account’s spendable balances of the given assets on the different chains.
### Steps of teleporting MOS from Mosaic Chain to AssetHub
1\. On the Assets page connect your account with the Connect Wallet button.
By default the source chain of the cross-chain transfer is the Mosaic Chain, the destination chain is the Polkadot AssetHub and the recipient account is the same as the sender account.
2\. If you want to transfer MOS to the same account on AssetHub, skip this step.\
If you want to transfer MOS to a different account on AssetHub than the sender, click on the account address at the “TO” section of the form. In the opening modal, choose an account from your connected wallet or type or paste an account address into the input field at the bottom of the modal. After inserting the address, click Confirm.
3\. Enter the desired amount in the amount field.\
After you have entered the amount to be transferred, the auto-calculation of the fees will happen. In the “TO” part of the form you will see the estimated amount you will receive after the deduction of the fees. Below it you will see more details of the calculation. (See the detailed description above at the form details.)\
If an auto-swap is needed, you can change the slippage tolerance by clicking on the pencil icon next to the slippage value. You can choose one of the predefined values or you can enter a custom percentage into the input field.\
4\. After you set the amount, the destination account and slippage if needed, click on the Continue button.
5\. The SubWallet window appears. You can check the transaction details with the View details button. On the top you will see the Network (chain) where the transaction will be sent to. If the details are correct, click on the Approve button.
 
After signing the transaction in SubWallet, the status of the transaction on the source chain will be shown in the bottom left corner of the Explorer on notifications. The green transaction success notification in this case means that the Mosaic chain part of the XCM transaction was successful. You still have to wait a bit for the execution of the XCM transaction on Polkadot AssetHub.
When the XCM transaction is executed and finalized successfully on both the source chain and the destination chain, you will see a green checkmark next to it in the “Recent transactions” list and a link to the transaction on the Polkadot AssetHub appears on the right side. If you can only see the loader for a few minutes, refresh the page.
In the balances table you can now see the changed balances of the account. If you transferred to the same account, you will see the transferred amount appearing on the Polkadot AssetHub balance.
If something went wrong with the XCM transaction on the destination chain, and there is a red cross beside the transaction instead of the green checkmark, contact the Mosaic Chain support with the Mosaic Chain transaction ID and the AssetHub link.
### Steps of teleporting MOS from Polkadot AssetHub to Mosaic Chain
Attention! To transfer from Polkadot AssetHub, you need to have enough DOT for the transaction fee on your account on Polkadot AssetHub.
1\. On the Mosaic Explorer Assets page connect your account with the Connect Wallet button.
2\. Click on the MOS / Mosaic Chain chain - token selector box to change the source chain from Mosaic Chain to AssetHub. In the popup modal, choose Polkadot AssetHub on the left, then MOS token on the right. The destination chain will change automatically to Mosaic Chain.
3\. If you want to transfer MOS to the same account on Mosaic Chain, skip this step.\
If you want to transfer MOS to a different account on Mosaic Chain than the sender, click on the account address at the “TO” section of the form. In the opening modal, choose an account from your connected wallet or type or paste an account address into the input field at the bottom of the modal. After inserting the address, click Confirm.\
4\. Enter the desired amount in the amount field.\
After you have entered the amount, the auto-calculation of the fees will happen. In the “TO” part of the form you will see the estimated amount you will receive after the deduction of the fees. Below it you will see more details of the calculation. (See the detailed description above at the form details.
5\. After you set the source chain, the amount and the destination account if needed, click on the Continue button.
6\. The SubWallet window appears. You can check the transaction details with the View details button. On the top you will see the Network (chain) where the transaction will be sent to. If the details are correct, click on the Approve button.
 
After signing the transaction in SubWallet, the status of the transaction on the source chain will be shown in the bottom left corner of the Explorer on notifications. The green transaction success notification in this case means that the Polkadot AssetHub as source chain part of the XCM transaction was successful. You still have to wait a bit for the execution of the XCM transaction on the Mosaic Chain.
When the XCM transaction is executed and finalized successfully on both the source chain and the destination chain, you will see a green checkmark next to it in the “Recent transactions” list. If you can only see the loader for minutes, refresh the page.\
In the balances table you can now see the changed balances of the account. If you transferred to the same account, you will see the transferred amount appearing on the Mosaic Chain balance.\
If something went wrong with the XCM transaction on the destination chain, and there is a red cross beside the transaction instead of the green checkmark, contact the Mosaic Chain support with the Mosaic Chain transaction ID and the AssetHub link, that opens by clicking on the open link icon on the right of the transaction.
### Teleporting foreign assets
The steps of foreign asset teleport are the same as described at the above chapters, with the addition that you select the desired asset in the chain / token selector dialog. Click on the MOS / Mosaic Chain chain - token selector box, then in the popup modal, choose the source chain on the left, then the token to be transferred on the right. The destination chain and asset will change automatically.